Avaliação do efeito clareador de um enxaguatório bucal composto por peróxido de hidrogênio a 2%

Recentemente um novo enxaguatório bucal contendo peróxido de hidrogênio a 2% foi desenvolvido para ser usado como um adjuvante na higiene bucal, com a finalidade de promover e manter o clareamento dos dentes. O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar se o uso desse enxaguatório proporciona uma maior durabilidade da técnica clareadora em dentes previamente clareados e quantificar sua capacidade de promover clareamento. Para isto, trinta terceiros molares humanos foram divididos em 3 grupos de 10 dentes conforme o tratamento realizado: GC (clareamento), GCE (clareamento + enxaguatório) e GE (enxaguatório). Uma avaliação da cor inicial dos dentes foi realizada com o auxílio de um espectrofotômetro, sendo utilizados os parâmetros L* a*b*. Após, os dentes foram divididos nos grupos e submetidos aos diferentes tratamentos. GC: clareamento caseiro com peróxido de carbamida a 10% por 2h/dia durante 21 dias; GCE: clareamento caseiro com peróxido de carbamida a 10% por 2h/dia durante 21 dias seguido de 2 imersões diárias de 1 minuto em enxaguatório contendo peróxido de hidrogênio a 2% durante 42 dias; GE: 2 imersões diárias de 1 minuto em uma solução contendo peróxido de hidrogênio a 2% por 42 dias. No período em que não estavam sendo submetidos ao procedimento clareador, os dentes permaneceram em água destilada dentro de um recipiente escuro. A avaliação da cor foi realizada após os 21 dias de clareamento caseiro para os grupos GC e GCE e após os 42 dias para todos os grupos. A análise dos resultados pelo teste t-student (p≤0,005) para amostras pareadas, mostrou que no período de 42 dias na água, GC reduziu significativamente(p=0,00279) seus índices de clareamento, enquanto GCE que esteve em contato com o enxaguatório aumentou significativamente (p=0,00285) seus índices de clareamento. A comparação entre os grupos através da análise de Variância (ANOVA) e Teste de comparações Múltiplas de Tukey (p≤0,005) mostrou que GCE apresenta valores significativamente superiores a GE. (Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para GC) (p=0,020). A utilização diária do enxaguatório contendo peróxido de hidrogênio a 2% durante 42 dias potencializou o efeito clareador da técnica de clareamento caseiro com peróxido de carbamida a 10%, porém quando utilizado isoladamente promoveu efeito menor do que o obtido com a técnica de clareamento caseiro somente.Recently a new 2% hydrogen peroxide mouthwash was included as an adjunct to the oral hygiene and also to promote and maintain the whitening process on the teeth. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate whether the use of this pre-rinse provides greater durability of the whitening technique on the teeth that were already whitened, and to quantify its ability to promote whitening. For this reason, thirty third human molars were divided into 3 groups of 10 teeth according to treatment: GC(whitening group), GCE (whitening + mouthwash) and GE (mouthwash only). An inicial color evaluation of the teeth was performed with the assistance of a spectrophotometer, the parameters L * a* b* were employed, then the three groups were submitted to different treatments. GC: the home whitening treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide for 2hours/day during 21 days; GCE: the home whitening treatment with 10% carbamide peroxide for 2hours/ day during 21 days followed by two daily immersions of 1 min with the mouthwash that contains 2% hydrogen peroxide for 42 days; GE: two daily immersions of 1 minute in the mouthwash which contains 2% hydrogen peroxide for 42 days. The teeth remained inside a dark container filled with distilled water, during the period that they were not being submitted to any whitening procedure. The color evaluation was performed after 21 days of home whitening for the GC and GCE groups and after 42 days for the rest of the groups. Through the results of the t-student test (p≤0.005) for matched samples, it was observed that during those 42 days in the water, GC significantly reduced (p=0.00279) their whitening rates, while GCE which had been in contact with the mouthwash significantly increased (p=0.00285) their whitening rates. The comparison among the groups by (ANOVA) analysis of variance and Tukey’s multiple comparison test (p ≤ 0.005) showed that GCE has significantly higher values than GE. (No significant differences were observed for GC) (p = 0.020). The daily use of this mouthwash which contains 2% hydrogen peroxide mouthwash for 42 days increased the whitening effect of the home whitening technique with carbamide peroxide 10%, but when used on its own promoted less effect than that obtained with the home whitening technique only

The health and socio-demographic factors associated with depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic:A cross-sectional study

Introduction: Our objective was to analyze depressive symptoms during the COVID‐19 pandemic and their association with health and sociodemographic factors. Methods: A survey of 4203 adults from ten municipalities was conducted in Mato Grosso state, Amazon region of Brazil. Data collection was done at home, with the collection of sociodemographic characteristics, and aspects of both physical and mental health. The DSM‐5 level 1 cross‐sectional symptom scale was used to identify symptoms of depression, substance use disorders, sleep disturbances, and anxiety. Chemiluminescence was also used to detect IgG anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies. Results: The estimated prevalence of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies was 12.5% and the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 23.2%. In the multivariate analysis, depression was associated with being male, having a low income, the level of physical activity before the pandemic, chronic illness, substance use disorder, sleep and anxiety disorders. Conclusion: Evidence on depression and its associated factors is critical to understanding the extent of the population situation from which recommendations can be made to guide public policy.Introdução: O nosso objetivo foi analisar a associação entre sintomas depressivos e fatores sociodemográficos e de saúde durante a pandemia de COVID‐19. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo com 4203 adultos de dez municípios do estado de Mato Grosso, região amazônica do Brasil. A recolha de dados foi realizada na residência, com levantamento de informações sobre as características sociodemográficas, aspectos de saúde física e mental. A Escala de Sintomas Transversais de Nível 1 do DSM‐5 foi utilizada para identificar sintomas de depressão, transtorno por uso de substâncias, distúrbios do sono e ansiedade. A quimiluminescência foi utilizada para detectar anticorpos IgG anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2. Resultados: A prevalência estimada de anticorpos anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 foi de 12,5% e a prevalência de sintomas depressivos foi de 23,2%. Na análise multivariada, a depressão esteve associada a ser do sexo masculino, ter baixa renda, nível de atividade física antes da pandemia, ter doença crónica, apresentar transtorno por uso de substâncias, transtornos do sono e de ansiedade. Conclusão: Os achados sobre a depressão e seus fatores associados são essenciais para a compreensão sobre a magnitude do quadro desses sintomas na população, a partir de onde podem ser feitas recomendações que norteiem as políticas públicas

The Genome of Anopheles darlingi, the main neotropical malaria vector

Anopheles darlingi is the principal neotropical malaria vector, responsible for more than a million cases of malaria per year on the American continent. Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ∼100 million years ago (mya) and successfully adapted to the New World environment. Here we present an annotated reference A. darlingi genome, sequenced from a wild population of males and females collected in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 10 481 predicted protein-coding genes were annotated, 72% of which have their closest counterpart in Anopheles gambiae and 21% have highest similarity with other mosquito species. In spite of a long period of divergent evolution, conserved gene synteny was observed between A. darlingi and A. gambiae. More than 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and short indels with potential use as genetic markers were identified. Transposable elements correspond to 2.3% of the A. darlingi genome. Genes associated with hematophagy, immunity and insecticide resistance, directly involved in vectorhuman and vectorparasite interactions, were identified and discussed. This study represents the first effort to sequence the genome of a neotropical malaria vector, and opens a new window through which we can contemplate the evolutionary history of anopheline mosquitoes. It also provides valuable information that may lead to novel strategies to reduce malaria transmission on the South American continent. The A. darlingi genome is accessible at www.labinfo.lncc.br/index.php/anopheles- darlingi. © 2013 The Author(s)

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Production of He-4 and (4) in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S=2.76 TeV at the LHC

Results on the production of He-4 and (4) nuclei in Pb-Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-S = 2.76 TeV in the rapidity range vertical bar y vertical bar <1, using the ALICE detector, are presented in this paper. The rapidity densities corresponding to 0-10% central events are found to be dN/dy4(He) = (0.8 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.3 (syst)) x 10(-6) and dN/dy4 = (1.1 +/- 0.4 (stat) +/- 0.2 (syst)) x 10(-6), respectively. This is in agreement with the statistical thermal model expectation assuming the same chemical freeze-out temperature (T-chem = 156 MeV) as for light hadrons. The measured ratio of (4)/He-4 is 1.4 +/- 0.8 (stat) +/- 0.5 (syst). (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks