THE ANALYSIS ON RACISM IN 12 YEARS A SLAVE MOVIE

This study discusses a practice of racism carried out by the upper class to the lower class. Racism is behavioral differences and inequalities based on a person's skin color, race, ethnicity, and origin that limit or violate a person's rights and freedoms. Racism is often interpreted as the view that humans can be divided into separate groups based on biological characteristics called "race". The aims of this research are 1) to reveal the practice of racism by the upper class to the lower class., and 2) to show the form of social discrimination due to the practice of racism in the United stated on 19th century. This study uses Goldman's Genetic Structuralism to analyze the film 12 Years a Slave. This analysis produces two forms of racism, namely verbal and non-verbal forms. This form of racism takes place continuously and is maintained by social classes in society

Differences On Students’ Learning Outcomes With High And Low Achievement Motivation

This research aims to examine the difference of students’ learning outcomes as an effect of achievement motivation in writing an English Essay through film-assisted inquiry-based learning method. It was a quasi-experimental research non-equivalent control group design which implemented into two different parallel classes. They are experimental group and control group, in which seventy two students were accepted as subject surveyed through cluster random sampling technique. Data of students’ learning outcomes collected through pre-test and post-test. While data of students’ achievement motivation level collected through questionnaire. The data of pre-test was taken before treatment, used to determine students’ variance, whereas post-test data was taken after treatment entirely finished to examine students’ learning outcomes differences. Data analysis using SPSS 22 with ANOVA Factorial 2x2 (two- way ANOVA. The hypothesis testing was conducted in 5% of significance level. The result of data analysis indicates that the p-value of t-counted is 0.000 lower than 0.05(˂0.05). It can be interpreted that there is a significant difference of learning outcomes between the students who have a high achievement motivation and those who have low one in writing an English essay through film-assisted inquiry-based learning method. Moreover, the students with high achievement motivation have better achievement than the students with low achievement motivation

Literary and Ecological Consciousness: An Ecocriticism Perspective

Environmental issues inspired this research. Only ecological consciousness can minimize environmental damage. This study aims to show that studying literary work is one way that can be taken to overcome environmental problems. The research method is Ricoeur's Hermeneutics method which addresses the interpretation of the signs or symbols contained in the literary text. This research reveals that literary texts contain contents of ecological consciousness, namely literary texts have a spirit to direct humans to become humans who have ecological consciousness. Building ecological consciousness is targeting the wider community. Schools and higher education have an important role in building ecological consciousness

Multiple novel prostate cancer susceptibility signals identified by fine-mapping of known risk loci among Europeans

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous common prostate cancer (PrCa) susceptibility loci. We have fine-mapped 64 GWAS regions known at the conclusion of the iCOGS study using large-scale genotyping and imputation in 25 723 PrCa cases and 26 274 controls of European ancestry. We detected evidence for multiple independent signals at 16 regions, 12 of which contained additional newly identified significant associations. A single signal comprising a spectrum of correlated variation was observed at 39 regions; 35 of which are now described by a novel more significantly associated lead SNP, while the originally reported variant remained as the lead SNP only in 4 regions. We also confirmed two association signals in Europeans that had been previously reported only in East-Asian GWAS. Based on statistical evidence and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structure, we have curated and narrowed down the list of the most likely candidate causal variants for each region. Functional annotation using data from ENCODE filtered for PrCa cell lines and eQTL analysis demonstrated significant enrichment for overlap with bio-features within this set. By incorporating the novel risk variants identified here alongside the refined data for existing association signals, we estimate that these loci now explain ∼38.9% of the familial relative risk of PrCa, an 8.9% improvement over the previously reported GWAS tag SNPs. This suggests that a significant fraction of the heritability of PrCa may have been hidden during the discovery phase of GWAS, in particular due to the presence of multiple independent signals within the same regio

Adding 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy to postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a comparison of short-course versus no androgen deprivation therapy in the RADICALS-HD randomised controlled trial

Background Previous evidence indicates that adjuvant, short-course androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) improves metastasis-free survival when given with primary radiotherapy for intermediate-risk and high-risk localised prostate cancer. However, the value of ADT with postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy is unclear. Methods RADICALS-HD was an international randomised controlled trial to test the efficacy of ADT used in combination with postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Key eligibility criteria were indication for radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen less than 5 ng/mL, absence of metastatic disease, and written consent. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to radiotherapy alone (no ADT) or radiotherapy with 6 months of ADT (short-course ADT), using monthly subcutaneous gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue injections, daily oral bicalutamide monotherapy 150 mg, or monthly subcutaneous degarelix. Randomisation was done centrally through minimisation with a random element, stratified by Gleason score, positive margins, radiotherapy timing, planned radiotherapy schedule, and planned type of ADT, in a computerised system. The allocated treatment was not masked. The primary outcome measure was metastasis-free survival, defined as distant metastasis arising from prostate cancer or death from any cause. Standard survival analysis methods were used, accounting for randomisation stratification factors. The trial had 80% power with two-sided α of 5% to detect an absolute increase in 10-year metastasis-free survival from 80% to 86% (hazard ratio [HR] 0·67). Analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN40814031, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00541047. Findings Between Nov 22, 2007, and June 29, 2015, 1480 patients (median age 66 years [IQR 61–69]) were randomly assigned to receive no ADT (n=737) or short-course ADT (n=743) in addition to postoperative radiotherapy at 121 centres in Canada, Denmark, Ireland, and the UK. With a median follow-up of 9·0 years (IQR 7·1–10·1), metastasis-free survival events were reported for 268 participants (142 in the no ADT group and 126 in the short-course ADT group; HR 0·886 [95% CI 0·688–1·140], p=0·35). 10-year metastasis-free survival was 79·2% (95% CI 75·4–82·5) in the no ADT group and 80·4% (76·6–83·6) in the short-course ADT group. Toxicity of grade 3 or higher was reported for 121 (17%) of 737 participants in the no ADT group and 100 (14%) of 743 in the short-course ADT group (p=0·15), with no treatment-related deaths. Interpretation Metastatic disease is uncommon following postoperative bed radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. Adding 6 months of ADT to this radiotherapy did not improve metastasis-free survival compared with no ADT. These findings do not support the use of short-course ADT with postoperative radiotherapy in this patient population

Duration of androgen deprivation therapy with postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a comparison of long-course versus short-course androgen deprivation therapy in the RADICALS-HD randomised trial

Background Previous evidence supports androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with primary radiotherapy as initial treatment for intermediate-risk and high-risk localised prostate cancer. However, the use and optimal duration of ADT with postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy remains uncertain. Methods RADICALS-HD was a randomised controlled trial of ADT duration within the RADICALS protocol. Here, we report on the comparison of short-course versus long-course ADT. Key eligibility criteria were indication for radiotherapy after previous radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, prostate-specific antigen less than 5 ng/mL, absence of metastatic disease, and written consent. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to add 6 months of ADT (short-course ADT) or 24 months of ADT (long-course ADT) to radiotherapy, using subcutaneous gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogue (monthly in the short-course ADT group and 3-monthly in the long-course ADT group), daily oral bicalutamide monotherapy 150 mg, or monthly subcutaneous degarelix. Randomisation was done centrally through minimisation with a random element, stratified by Gleason score, positive margins, radiotherapy timing, planned radiotherapy schedule, and planned type of ADT, in a computerised system. The allocated treatment was not masked. The primary outcome measure was metastasis-free survival, defined as metastasis arising from prostate cancer or death from any cause. The comparison had more than 80% power with two-sided α of 5% to detect an absolute increase in 10-year metastasis-free survival from 75% to 81% (hazard ratio [HR] 0·72). Standard time-to-event analyses were used. Analyses followed intention-to-treat principle. The trial is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN40814031, and ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT00541047 . Findings Between Jan 30, 2008, and July 7, 2015, 1523 patients (median age 65 years, IQR 60–69) were randomly assigned to receive short-course ADT (n=761) or long-course ADT (n=762) in addition to postoperative radiotherapy at 138 centres in Canada, Denmark, Ireland, and the UK. With a median follow-up of 8·9 years (7·0–10·0), 313 metastasis-free survival events were reported overall (174 in the short-course ADT group and 139 in the long-course ADT group; HR 0·773 [95% CI 0·612–0·975]; p=0·029). 10-year metastasis-free survival was 71·9% (95% CI 67·6–75·7) in the short-course ADT group and 78·1% (74·2–81·5) in the long-course ADT group. Toxicity of grade 3 or higher was reported for 105 (14%) of 753 participants in the short-course ADT group and 142 (19%) of 757 participants in the long-course ADT group (p=0·025), with no treatment-related deaths. Interpretation Compared with adding 6 months of ADT, adding 24 months of ADT improved metastasis-free survival in people receiving postoperative radiotherapy. For individuals who can accept the additional duration of adverse effects, long-course ADT should be offered with postoperative radiotherapy. Funding Cancer Research UK, UK Research and Innovation (formerly Medical Research Council), and Canadian Cancer Society

Ecocritical study on relationships between humans, nature, and god in the novel the Alchemist

AbstractThis research was inspired by an ecocritical study of the interaction between humans and nature in literary works. Man and nature were created by God so that man, nature, and God become three inseparable things. This paper aims to reveal the harmonious relationship between humans, nature and God in the novel The Alchemist. Paulo Coelho’s enchanting novel The Alchemist has inspired a devoted following around the world. This story, dazzling in its powerful simplicity and soul-stirring wisdom, tells the story of an Andalusian shepherd boy named Santiago who travels from his homeland in Spain to the Egyptian desert in search of a treasure buried near the Pyramids. Data analysis applied the Miles and Huberman analysis technique starting with data reduction, then data presentation, and finally drawing conclusions. The results show that literary works such as The Alchemist can contribute to eliciting a new awareness in readers regarding the relationship between humans and nature and their relationship with God as the creator. The harmonious relationship between humans, nature and God is depicted in the novel as a positive state of inner peace, calmness, and balance, as well as the feeling of being in tune with nature. Nature and natural phenomena are signs sent by God to humans as a guide in navigating life. The implications of this study are that literary works such as The Alchemist can contain many simple life lessons combined with a very strong moral message