In the (Canadian) Shadow of Islamic Law: Translating Mahr as a Bargaining Endowment

This article addresses the dilemmas of Muslim women living in Canada as they negotiate between the constitutional and juridical systems of the dominant society, on the one hand, and the Muslim community, on the other. It will examine the ideological assumptions about law and multiculturalism that have worked to depoliticize the stakes of law in Marion Boyd\u27s report, Protecting Choice, Promoting Inclusion. With the Islamic institution of mahr in the background, this article suggests a methodology to evaluate the costs and benefits of abstract legal rules as they are actually used by the parties in the shadow of the law to acquire something from the other party, make concessions, or simply put an end to the relationship. In offering a distributional narrative of legal pluralism, this article demonstrates that while legal orders produce group subjectivities in plural spaces, they also, and more importantly, distribute desires, interests, and bargaining endowments between individuals and groups in an unpredictable and often contradictory fashion

La capacite de sporulation in planta augmente l'inaffectivité et la compétitivité rhizosphérique des souches de Frankia

International audienceFrankia Sp+ strains maintain their ability to sporulate in symbiosis with actinorhizal plants, producing abundant sporangia inside host plant cells, in contrast to Sp– strains, which are unable to perform in-planta sporulation. We herein examined the role of in-planta sporulation in Frankia infectivity and competitiveness for root infection. Fifteen strains belonging to different Sp+ and Sp– phylogenetic lineages were inoculated on seedlings of Alnus glutinosa (Ag) and A. incana (Ai). Strain competitiveness was investigated by performing Sp–/Sp+ co-inoculations. Plant inoculations were standardized using crushed nodules obtained under laboratory-controlled conditions (same plant species, age, and environmental factors). Specific oligonucleotide primers were developed to identify Frankia Sp+ and/or Sp– strains in the resulting nodules. Single inoculation experiments showed that (i) infectivity by Sp+ strains was significantly greater than that by Sp– strains, (ii) genetically divergent Sp+ strains exhibited different infective abilities, and (iii) Sp+ and Sp– strains showed different host preferences according to the origin (host species) of the inocula. Co-inoculations of Sp+ and Sp– strains revealed the greater competitiveness of Sp+ strains (98.3 to 100% of Sp+ nodules, with up to 15.6% nodules containing both Sp+ and Sp– strains). The results of the present study highlight differences in Sp+/Sp– strain ecological behaviors and provide new insights to strengthen the obligate symbiont hypothesis for Sp+ strains