EDITORIAL Bite-Sized Pedagogy in Experiential Learning Cycles and Effectiveness of Top Tips in Higher Education.

Bite-Sized learning is a modern approach to education that emphasises short, focused lessons that can be completed quickly and easily. Bite-Sized learning has become a popular strategy for delivering educational content in small, focused chunks. It has been shown to be effective in improving learning outcomes and productivity. This editorial focuses on the effectiveness of Bite-Sized learning and its benefits in relation to Kolb's model of experiential learning and provides rationale for  Accepting Bite-Sized Pedagogical submissions to AJPP

Poiseuille Flow Through Chest Tubes: A Scoping Review

Background: Chest tubes are used daily to treat patients with chest pathologies such as haemothorax. However, there is much uncertainty around the fluid dynamics of chest tubes. Traditionally, authors have described fluid dynamics in chest tubes using Poiseuille’s law. However, in recent years authors have been challenging the applicability of Poiseuille’s law to chest tubes. It has been the norm for large-bore chest tubes to be used for larger fluid volumes such as haemothoraces because in theory, the larger the tube, the more efficient the drainage. Recently, however, there has been a shift to using smaller-bore catheters which are better tolerated by patients. It remains unclear what catheter size is best suited for drainage of fluids in differing chest pathologies. This scoping review was conducted to determine the current understanding of the hydrodynamics of fluid flow through chest tubes as well as addressing the long-standing debate on chest tube size.   Methods: The scoping review used the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) checklist. Core key words were identified and Boolean Operator and Medical Subject Headings (MeSh) were used to search a range of databases to yield both peer-reviewed journal articles and grey literature. The literature identified went through a two-stage review process by the author and project supervisor, using Rayyan. To extract data, a thematic analysis was carried out on the final chosen papers.   Results: A total of 922 papers were identified from the search. After title and abstract review and further critical appraisal, a total of 15 final papers were included in the final scoping review. Primarily, these consisted of narrative studies summarising current practices, as well as several in-vitro laboratory experiments studying fluid dynamics through chest tubes. There was a general lack of literature on this topic overall. There was an increase in papers published between 2005-2010 but generally, over a 30-year period there has not been a big focus on this topic.   Conclusions: The scoping review has re-examined fluid flow through chest tubes that has been defined in the literature, particularly around Poiseuille’s law and flow. Many have concluded that the location and position of chest tubes and the clinical environment do not allow for Poiseuille flow to fully develop. Poiseuille’s law was also found to not be predictive of actual flow rates in different size chest tubes. Authors found discrepancies between predicted and measured flow rates. These discrepancies were attributed to the interruption in flow due to holes, kinks, positioning and other features of chest tubes, like three-way taps, which create resistance within the circuit. This review also looked at comparing small-bore chest tubes to large-bore chest tubes where common practice has been to insert large chest tubes for haemothorax or empyema based on principles of Poiseuille’s law. This review found that many authors are now in favour of using smaller-bore catheters due to lack of evidence that larger bore tubes offer any clinical advantage over smaller bore tubes. &nbsp

Overuse Syndrome in Persons with Peromelia: A Scoping Review

Background: For persons with peromelia, also called congenital transverse deficiency of the upper limb, overuse syndromes (OS) especially in the shoulder, back and residual limb are a common yet debilitating problem that greatly affects quality of life and activities of daily living (ADL). Common types of OS are carpal tunnel syndrome, medial and lateral epicondylitis and rotator cuff injury. This condition is more widely recognised amongst elite athletes and within the sports medicine field. There is a scarcity of literature surrounding OS in relation to upper limb amputees, therefore this scoping review set out to explore the prevalence and severity of OS, risk factors and preventative measures for persons with peromelia. A secondary aim was to identify areas requiring further research.   Methods: This was a scoping review using the PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. This scoping review followed a systematic approach to map evidence on overuse syndromes in persons with peromelia to identify main concepts such as risk factors, preventative interventions and knowledge gaps. Sources were thematically analysed.   Results: The review yielded 10 peer reviewed publications and 10 sources of grey literature. Thematic analysis identified 3 major themes with 10 subtheme categories. These were: 1. Clinical presentation including the severity, variation and burden of overuse syndrome; 2. Risk factors for overuse include repetition and resistance, compensatory movements and prior pathology; and 3. Interventions to prevent overuse syndrome include reduction in mechanical stressors, routine assessment, posture correction and prosthesis use.   Conclusions: Around half of individuals with congenital or acquired upper limb loss are likely to experience some form of overuse syndrome. The condition's severity varies and can severely impact the ability to perform ADL. The results also show there is a higher chance of OS in individuals with a more proximal deformity. OS is more commonly seen in the shoulder and back, with lower incidence in the neck and hand. The most significant risk factors identified for OS are repetitive or resistive activities and compensatory movements. Systemic illness, age and BMI are more minor risk factors. Physiotherapists and Occupational Therapists were highlighted as having a significant role in education, assessment, exercise, and prosthetic training. The evidence suggests the use of prostheses can offer a protective benefit against overuse syndrome, though this assertion warrants further, detailed investigation due to inconclusive findings

Editorial

Editorial for Vol 1, No

Editorial

Editorial for Vol 1, No 2 AJP

EDITORIAL-Confessions of an Open Access Journal Editor

Being the editor of an open access academic journal is incredibly time-consuming and often frustrating, but in my case, I enjoy having this kind of role in my professional portfolio. The benefits of journal editorship outweigh the frustrations as the rewarding elements of sharing scientific and professional practice-related works of innovation are immense. This Editorial discusses my role further