171 research outputs found
Innovation and Misoneism during the Reign of Emperor YoḼannÇs IV (1872â1889)
The article attempts to examine the character and extent of innovation and misoneism during the reign of YoḼannÇs, i.e. the period between the largely frustrated aspirations of Tewodros and of more substantial achievements of MÇnilÇk. The study suggests that the reign of YoḼannÇs in fact witnessed changes in many fields of life. These included improvements in communication between Ethiopia and the outside world; the advent of new imports; changes in land tenure and class relations; the strengthening of church land-holding; attempted action against slavery and the slave trade; increasing diffusion of fire-arms; the forced conversion of Muslims, and prohibition of foreign missionaries; the banning of tobacco; the depletion of wild-life; the introduction of a national flag, the appointment of a foreign consul abroad, and the building of a church in Jerusalem
Two Unpublished 19th Century Ethiopian Letters: From Emperor Tewodros to Sir Robert Napier, and from DäǧǧazmaÄ NÇguĹe to Naib Hasän Bey
The two letters here published supplement those in Sven Rubensonâs invaluable compilation âTewodros and his Contemporariesâ. The first letter throws intriguing light on Emperor Tewodrosâs remarkably amical attitude to the British in the run-up to his military confrontation with them at Mäqdäla. The second letter, the background to which has still to be established, may be regarded as a contribution to our knowledge of däǧǧazmaÄ NÇguĹeâs rule in TÇgray
Ethiopia and the Great Transformation
The article considers Karl Polanyiâs thesis that 19th century Western capitalism was unique in basing itself on the principle of gain, as expressed by the self-regulating market system. Polanyiâs argument is examined in the light of Ethiopian historical experience, with special reference to land and labour (including slavery), agricultural production, control over trade and prices, and traditional institutions which curtail or serve as an alternative to market factors. These include church holidays, compulsory hospitality, state banquets, alms giving, and, more generally, asceticism and resignation to the Will of God
Uoldelul Chelati Dirar, Alessandro Gori, and Irma Taddia: Lettere tigrine. I documenti etiopici del Fondo Ellero
Revie
Complexes of Schiff-base macrocycles and donor-expanded dipyrrins for catalysis and uranyl reduction
The modern world faces a number of challenges related to energy and the environment.
Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide have now surpassed the 400 ppm
mark due to the burning of fossil fuels, yet despite its abundance and potential
use as a C1 feedstock for value-added products, there are both thermodynamic
and kinetic barriers associated with the strong carbon-oxygen bonds that preclude
its widespread deployment in industry. Nuclear energy is an alternative power
source that reduces carbon emissions by billions of tonnes each year, but there
are widespread concerns regarding the treatment of the radioactive waste that
it accrues (of which the main component is uranyl, [UO2]2+). Most of the work
presented in this thesis concerns the synthesis of transition-metal complexes, with
the aim of directing catalytic reactivity to convert CO2 to useful products. Part of
this thesis also concerns the synthesis of uranyl complexes and the study of uranyl
reduction chemistry, which is relevant to uranyl remediation and nuclear waste
treatment at a fundamental level. Making use of Earth-abundant metals to carry
out hydrocarbon oxidation catalysis is a further focus of this work, as the efficient
production of oxygenated compounds under mild conditions is of importance to
the fine-chemical industry.
Chapter 1 reviews important complexes reported in the literature that successfully
convert CO2 to useful products through molecular, homogenous electro-catalysis
and ring-opening copolymerisation catalysis. Reactions that exemplify a
two-electron reduction of uranyl (i.e. uranium(VI) to uranium(IV)) are reviewed,
along with uranyl complexes that undergo ligand-centred redox to give ligand-based
radicals. The state of the literature on hydrocarbon oxidation catalysis
is reviewed in the introduction. The development of multinuclear, macrocyclic
complexes and the reactivity of dinuclear Pacman complexes are also presented.
Chapter 2 reports the synthesis and characterisation of a new set of Schiff-base
macrocycles and acyclic dipyrrin ligands. A number of attempted synthetic
routes towards incorporating a dipyrrin coordination compartment in a macro-cyclic
setting are discussed. Differences in electronic structures between dipyrromethanes
and dipyrromethenes are also examined by theoretical and experimental methods.
Chapter 3 introduces the coordination chemistry of these new macrocycles
with zinc(II), where the isolation of dinuclear and tetranuclear complexes is
demonstrated using different zinc(II) precursors. Tetranuclear zinc-alkyl complexes
presented here are shown to be resistant to insertion chemistry with small molecules,
but readily form zinc-oxo, -hydroxyl and -alkoxide clusters upon protonolysis with
water and alcohols. These molecular clusters display reactivity towards CO2: a
zinc-hydroxyl complex precipitates ZnCO3 at high temperature; and zinc-alkoxide
complexes have been used to catalyse the copolymerisation reaction between CO2
and cyclohexene oxide to form polycarbonates.
Chapter 4 describes the synthesis of late-transition-metal complexes of macrocyclic
ligands and dipyrrins, and explores the relationship between macrocycle
geometry and electronic structure. Their reactivities towards CO2 are assessed
here, using cyclic voltammetry to assess the electro-catalytic activity of a number
of the complexes.
Chapter 5 reports the oxidation chemistry of hydrocarbon substrates catalysed
by copper(II) complexes. High-temperature catalysis occurs with bimetallic
copper(II) complexes, and this chapter describes how added FeCl3 acts as a co-catalyst,
leading to greater catalyst stability and allowing the catalytic reaction
to occur at room temperature. A range of analytical methods have been used to
deduce the catalytically active species, and chemical kinetic measurements have
been used to deduce a possible reaction mechanism.
Chapter 6 reports the synthesis of a uranyl(VI) dipyrrin complex and details
characterisation of its electronic structure by theoretical and experimental methods.
Theoretical modelling has indicated that the observed two-electron reduction of
uranium(VI) to uranium(IV) is facilitated by the dipyrrin ligand, representing a
novel uranyl reduction mechanism
Safety Implications of High-Field MRI: Actuation of Endogenous Magnetic Iron Oxides in the Human Body
Background: Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanners have become ubiquitous in hospitals and high-field systems (greater than 3 Tesla) are becoming increasingly common. In light of recent European Union moves to limit high-field exposure for those working with MRI scanners, we have evaluated the potential for detrimental cellular effects via nanomagnetic actuation of endogenous iron oxides in the body.Methodology: Theoretical models and experimental data on the composition and magnetic properties of endogenous iron oxides in human tissue were used to analyze the forces on iron oxide particles.Principal Finding and Conclusions: Results show that, even at 9.4 Tesla, forces on these particles are unlikely to disrupt normal cellular function via nanomagnetic actuation
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