El deber de recordar a las víctimas. Ética anamnética

[ES] El interés ético y filosófico por la figura de la víctima es relativamente reciente en la historia del pensamiento occidental. Asistimos a la paradoja de un mundo que genera más víctimas que nunca pero que, al mismo tiempo, trata de mostrarse compasivo y humanitario. Partiendo de esta afirmación, se aborda la cuestión de las víctimas desde un plano estrictamente ético, intentando abordar los cimientos de una ética de la memoria para que tenga traducción, si cabe, en el plano jurídico, político y social.[EU] Biktimaren gaineko interes etiko eta filosofikoa nahiko berria da mendebaldeko pentsamenduaren historian. Paradoxa baten aurrean aurkitzen gara; alde batetik munduak geroz eta biktima gehiago sortzen ditu eta aldiberean errukior eta gizatiar agertzen saiatzen da. Baieztapen honen arira, biktimen arazoa alderdi etiko batetik aztertzen da, oroimenaren etika baten zimenduak sortuz, itzulpena izan dezan ikuspegi juridiko, sozial eta politikoan.[FR] L’intérêt moral et philosophique pour les victimes est relativement récent dans l’histoire de la pensée occidentale. Nous assistons au paradoxe d’un monde qui produit plus de victimes que jamais mais que, en même temps, il essaye de se montrer miséricordieux et humanitaire. En partant de cette affi rmation, on aborde la question des victimes d’un point de vue strictement éthique, en essayant d’établir les fondements d’une éthique de la mémoire pour qu’elle ait une traduction, si possible, sur le domaine juridique, politique et social.[EN] In the history of western thinking, the ethical and philosophical interest on the figure of victim is relatively recent. We attend the paradox of a world that creates more victims than ever but, at the same time, try to show more compassionate and humanitarian. From this statement, we deal the matter of victims from a strictly ethical sphere, trying to approach the foundations of the ethic of memory, to obtain a translation in the juridical, political and social field

Decision-making in organisations, according to the aristotelian model

This article explores the process of decision-making in the light ofAristotelian ethics, in particular his work Nicomachean Ethics. Making decisions is a common task on the managerial agenda. The decisions of a manager affect individuals, the future of the organisation and, of course, they have consequences for the organisation and its surroundings

Ética aplicada, entre la recreación moral y la tradición

El presente artículo es una apuesta por una ética aplicada, por un tipo de planteamiento ético que proporciona argumentos en contra del relativismo moral de la época y en favor de una constante regeneración de los productos morales, sin olvidar que la recreación moral se lleva a cabo sobre los presupuestos de la tradición. La ética aplicada permite coordinar el pluralismo moral en condiciones de convivencia pacífica y proponer soluciones consensuadas a los problemas comunes

Música y tecnología: la eclosión de lo virtual en la composición sonora

Music and its special relationship with technology represent a paradigm for understanding the emergence of the virtual in contemporary society. From the second half of the twentieth century, technological innovation has played a leading role in musical research. In turn, the democratization of this type of technology has blurred the dividing line between avant-garde music and popular music

El deber de recordar a las víctimas. Ética anamnética

[ES] El interés ético y filosófico por la figura de la víctima es relativamente reciente en la historia del pensamiento occidental. Asistimos a la paradoja de un mundo que genera más víctimas que nunca pero que, al mismo tiempo, trata de mostrarse compasivo y humanitario. Partiendo de esta afirmación, se aborda la cuestión de las víctimas desde un plano estrictamente ético, intentando abordar los cimientos de una ética de la memoria para que tenga traducción, si cabe, en el plano jurídico, político y social.[EU] Biktimaren gaineko interes etiko eta filosofikoa nahiko berria da mendebaldeko pentsamenduaren historian. Paradoxa baten aurrean aurkitzen gara; alde batetik munduak geroz eta biktima gehiago sortzen ditu eta aldiberean errukior eta gizatiar agertzen saiatzen da. Baieztapen honen arira, biktimen arazoa alderdi etiko batetik aztertzen da, oroimenaren etika baten zimenduak sortuz, itzulpena izan dezan ikuspegi juridiko, sozial eta politikoan.[FR] L’intérêt moral et philosophique pour les victimes est relativement récent dans l’histoire de la pensée occidentale. Nous assistons au paradoxe d’un monde qui produit plus de victimes que jamais mais que, en même temps, il essaye de se montrer miséricordieux et humanitaire. En partant de cette affi rmation, on aborde la question des victimes d’un point de vue strictement éthique, en essayant d’établir les fondements d’une éthique de la mémoire pour qu’elle ait une traduction, si possible, sur le domaine juridique, politique et social.[EN] In the history of western thinking, the ethical and philosophical interest on the figure of victim is relatively recent. We attend the paradox of a world that creates more victims than ever but, at the same time, try to show more compassionate and humanitarian. From this statement, we deal the matter of victims from a strictly ethical sphere, trying to approach the foundations of the ethic of memory, to obtain a translation in the juridical, political and social field

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

La recreación de valores morales. Un problema para la razón práctica

El presente artículo pretende explorar, partiendo de la teoría de los estadios morales de Lawrence Kohlberg, algunas de las opciones éticas que se derivan de sus planteamientos. Aceptando la mayoría de sus premisas y dejando de lado algunas célebres críticas a su sistema (Carol Gilligan), nuestra intención es tratar de llevar de esta manera sus conclusiones hasta las últimas consecuencias. Para ello, las pondremos en relación, en primer lugar, con la teoría de la acción comunicativa de Jürgen Habermas; en segundo lugar, con la idea de juicio general de Thomas Nagel y, finalmente, con el escepticismo ético de John Leslie Mackie, siempre haciendo hincapié en la dimensión recreativa de la conciencia moral