9 research outputs found

    Is it relevant to introduce the new concept of limnosphere?

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    Limnic water is the structuring element of the limnosphere, which could be defined as the envelope of the Earth, where the water cycle transiting through one or more continental water bodies occurs. As a part of epigeosphere and landscape sphere, limnosphere is characterized, practically over its entire thickness and extension, by the contact between atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. Since 1958 and the coining of the word ecosphere by L.C. Cole, the concepts of sphere and system are close, so that limnosphere may be defined as the envelope of the global limnosystem

    The stability of the water column in french ponds (limousin region) by the calculation of the wedderburn number

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    Oxygenation and biological life in lakes, reservoirs and ponds depend on the stability of the water column and on the rhythms of stratification and mixing periods. Slight thermal stratification in ponds often is regarded as the same as instability in shallow lakes. Nevertheless fetch in ponds is very short, what reduces the mixing. Wedderburn number (quotient of the buoyancy by the mixing) is used to quantify the stability in shallow water bodies. We calculate it for some ponds in French region Limousin, due to original hourly water temperature measurements in all depths and wind data of Météofrance stations. First results show that very high values (above 10) are frequent in summer and spring period (during 41% of the total time of 2 336 hours from May to July in three ponds). That is why we may consider Limousin ponds as stable stratified bodies of water despite their shallowness. Continuous measurements allow to calculate the diurnal cycle and other time scales of the Wedderburn number, with periods of weakening, when air temperatures and surface water temperatures decrease, wind speed increases and when the wind blows in the same direction with the length of the pond. The most complex variable is the depth of the thermocline; a light increase of the breeze thickens the upper warm layer and strengthens the stability, but an important increase of the wind tends to destroy the stratification

    Les macrophytes en étangs, éléments de réflexion sur leur gestion

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    National audienceLes macrophytes jouent deux rôles importants dans les écosystèmes aquatiques en y étant simultanément producteurs de matières organiques et habitats. En tant que producteurs primaires, ils apportent une contribution quelquefois très élevée et indispensable aux flux de matières au sein des réseaux trophiques des milieux. En tant qu'habitats de diverses autres communautés vivantes en lien avec les milieux aquatiques, depuis les organismes microscopiques des biofilms jusqu'à certains oiseaux ou mammifères, ils constituent des éléments primordiaux de la structuration et de la qualité de ces milieux. Si ce second rôle est progressivement mieux apprécié, du fait de l'évolution des regards actuellement portés sur la biodiversité et les nécessités de la protéger ou de la restaurer, il n'en est pas de même pour la production de biomasse de certaines de ces espèces. En effet, cette production de biomasse occupant tout ou partie de la superficie de ces plans d'eau peu profonds peut provoquer des nuisances variables mais quelquefois incompatibles avec certains des usages de ces milieux. Se posent alors des questions de régulation de ces espèces en lien direct avec les fonctionnalités et les usages que les gestionnaires des milieux souhaitent maintenir. L'origine naturelle ou non des étangs n'est généralement pas un des critères permettant de discriminer la situation à gérer. En revanche les modalités de gestion des niveaux d'eau, le type biologique (immergé, flottant, émergé) et le statut des plantes jugées gênantes (indigènes ou exotiques) peuvent présenter une très grande influence sur les modalités pratiques de mise en oeuvre des interventions de régulation et sur leur efficacité. Par ailleurs, les évolutions des communautés végétales présentes et des besoins humains dans ces milieux, dont une part est la conséquence des changements globaux en cours, créent des difficultés complémentaires. Entre mise en assec régulière des étangs destinés à la production piscicole et maintien des niveaux pour assurer une ressource en eau et/ou la fréquentation de loisirs, entre plantes indigènes à la dynamique de colonisation quelquefois modérée et certaines espèces exotiques envahissantes aux très fortes capacités d'extension, la gamme de situations à gérer est très large et, de ce fait, aucun type d'intervention n'est applicable dans toutes. A partir d'exemples pris dans différents types d'usages des étangs nous tenterons donc de dresser un panorama des enjeux, des modes d'intervention possibles et de leurs modalités pratiques de mise en oeuvre, et des difficultés de cette gestion

    In-situ observation of tensile deformation of open-cell nickel foams by means of X-ray microtomography

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    International audienceThe aim of this paper is to describe the initial cell morphology of an open-cell nickel foam and to follow its evolution during tension. For that purpose, in situ X ray microtomography tensile tests have been performed at E.S.R.F. with a resolution of 10um. The first step of the 3D quantitative image analysis of the 3D reconstruction images is to close the cells in order to identify them individually. The 3D segmentation methodology is explained in detail. The, the main parameters such as cell size distribution and the cell orientation are determined at each stage of deformation and linked to the macroscopy mechanical behaviour of nickel foam

    3D quantitative image analysis of open-cell nickel foams under tension and compression loading using X-ray microtomography

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    International audienceThe deformation behaviour and fracture of an open-cell nickel foam were analysed using X-ray microtomography at the ESRF, Grenoble, France. In situ tensile and compression tests were performed at a resolution of 2 and 10 b.mum. The initial morphology of the foam was studied using 3D image analysis. Parameters such as the cell volume and strut length distributions, number of faces per cell, number of nodes per face and the shape of the most representative cells were determined. The cells are shown to be non-spherical due to the initial geometrical anisotropy of the polyurethane foam template and to the load applied to the nickel foam during processing. This geometrical anisotropy is shown to be related to the observed anisotropy of the elastic properties of the material using a simple beam model. In tension, bending, stretching and alignment of struts are observed. A tensile test in the longitudinal direction is shown to reinforce the privileged orientations of the cells. In contrast, a tensile test in the transverse direction leads to a more isotropic distribution of the cells. These features are illustrated by pole figures of the three axes of equivalent ellipsoids for all cells at different strain levels. Compression tests are associated with strain localization phenomena due to the buckling of struts in a weaker region of the foam. Finally, study of open-cell nickel foam fracture shows that cracks initiate at nodes during tensile tests and that the damaged zone is about five cells wide. Free edge effects on crack initiation are also evidenced

    The importance of small waterbodies for biodiversity and ecosystem services: implications for policy makers

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