When Patient Activation Levels Change, Health Outcomes and Costs Change, Too

Patient engagement has become a major focus of health reform. However, there is limited evidence showing that increases in patient engagement are associated with improved health outcomes or lower costs. This report examined the extent to which a single assessment of engagement, the Patient Activation Measure, was associated with health outcomes and costs over time, and whether changes in assessed activation were related to expected changes in outcomes and costs. The report uses data on adult primary care patients from a single large health care system where the Patient Activation Measure is routinely used. Results indicating higher activation in 2010 were associated with nine out of thirteen better health outcomes -- including better clinical indicators, more healthy behaviors, and greater use of women's preventive screening tests -- as well as with lower costs two years later. Changes in activation level were associated with changes in over half of the health outcomes examined, as well as costs, in the expected directions. These findings suggest that efforts to increase patient activation may help achieve key goals of health reform and that further research is warranted to examine whether the observed associations are causal

The role of primary care providers in patient activation and engagement in self-management: a cross-sectional analysis

Background The increasing burden of chronic illness highlights the importance of self-care and shifts from hierarchical and patriarchal models to partnerships. Primary care providers (PCPs) play an important role in supporting patients in self-management, enabling activation and supporting chronic care. We explored the extent to which PCPs’ beliefs about the importance of the patients’ role relate to the frequency in which they report engaging in collaborative and partnership-building behaviors with patients. Methods PCPs’ beliefs were measured using the Clinician Support for Patient Activation Measure (CS-PAM). We also assessed whether PCPs’ CS-PAM scores were positively associated with changes in their patients’ Patient Activation Measure (PAM) scores. Participants included 181 PCPs from a single accountable care organization in Minnesota who completed an online survey. We conducted bivariate analyses and multivariate regression models to examine relationships between CS-PAM and PCP self-management support behaviors and changes in level of patient activation. Results PCPs with high CS-PAM scores were much more likely to engage in supportive self-management and patient behavior change approaches, such as involving the patient in agenda-setting, problem-solving, and collaboratively setting behavioral goals, than were PCPs with low CS-PAM scores. More positive PCPs’ belief in the patients’ role in self-management was positively correlated with improvements in their patients’ level of patient activation. Conclusions More positive PCP beliefs about the patients’ role in self-management was strongly related to PCP behaviors geared towards increasing patient activation

Analytical Framework for Examining the Value of Antibacterial Products

Antibacterial resistance is a growing global problem. According to the most recent statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), at least 2 million people acquire serious infections with bacteria that are resistant to one or more of antibacterial drugs designed to treat those infections in the United States alone. Of these, approximately 23,000 die as a result of drug-resistant infections. Even though estimates vary widely, the economic cost of antibacterial resistance in the United States could be as high as $20 billion and$35 billion a year in excess direct healthcare costs and lost productivity costs, respectively (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). Despite the potential of new antibacterial products to reduce the social burden associated with resistant infections, some of the large companies have been exiting the markets for antibacterial drugs and vaccines in recent years and have also failed to respond to the possible social value of opportunities in production of rapid diagnostic products. These market exits have been driven by the most basic of reasons: insufficient return to capital invested in development of these products. Consequently, governments across the globe are looking to identify ways to stimulate the development of antibacterial products. This study, conducted by Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG) under contract to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) and partly funded by FDA, develops an analytical decision-tree model framework that can be used to assess the impacts of different possible market incentives on the private and social returns to product development of new antibacterial products (in contrast to those already under development). Using the model developed, we evaluate the private and social returns associated with the following types of antibacterial products for a hypothetical developer at the beginning of pre-clinical research phase: - Antibacterial drugs for oral or intravenous (IV) administration designed to treat; - Acute bacterial otitis media (ABOM); - Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSI); - Community acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP); - Complicated intra-abdominal infections (CIAI); - Complicated urinary tract infections (CUTI); and - Hospital acquired/ventilator associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP). - A new vaccine effective in preventing acute bacterial otitis media (ABOM), and - A new rapid point-of-care diagnostic designed to identify methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) that can cause serious infections, such as skin or wound infections, pneumonia, or infections of the blood. The study also considers the level needed to reach a private value of $100 million at the start of pre-clinical research for a hypothetical developer for the following four categories of incentives that encompass the majority of strategies that have been proposed in the policy literature: - Intellectual property (IP) extensions; - Tax incentives; - Modifications to the clinical trial process and approval standards aimed at shortening the drug development process; and - Private grants, awards, and prizes for antibacterial product research and development. For antibacterial drugs, we find that the average value to the developer considering whether to start pre-clinical research ranges from a low of -$4.5 million for HABP/VABP to a high of $37.4 million for CABP, falling short of the$100 million threshold. However, when parameter uncertainty is considered, the lower bound of private returns could potentially range from -$23.5 million (HABP/VABP) to -$15.8 million (ABSSSI), substantially lower than the $100 million threshold, and the upper bound from$126.7 (HABP/VABP) to $330.0 million (CABP), considerably above the$100 million threshold. The primary drivers for the observed wide range of results are attributable to, in order of importance, the total market size, the real opportunity cost of capital, and the total time to market model parameters. Value of the incentives to the developers would be higher at later stages of development, meaning that once a drug successfully reaches certain milestones, incentives to further develop it increase. However, we focus on the value at the point the developer is considering whether to start the pre-clinical stage. Note that this study considers the developer’s private value from the point of the current state of science. Assessing advancements in translational research and basic pathogen biology were outside the scope of this project. However, we note that such advancements have the potential to impact private value of a drug at the start of pre-clinical studies. For example, improved understanding of pathogen biology can cut pre-clinical research time and can yield compounds with higher average efficacy entering human trials. To assess the extent to which these private values fall short of the societal importance of drugs, we estimate the potential social value for these antibacterial drugs. Similar to private returns, we find that there is wide variation in the estimated social values across the different indications. The primary drivers for the observed wide range of social EPV results are attributable to, in order of importance, the model parameters for the percentage in disease duration for patients that do not respond to commonly used antibacterial drugs; phase 1 clinical trial success probability; pre-clinical R&D success probability, and the real annual social rate of discount. Despite the high degree of variability, even the lower bounds of these social values are greater than the estimated private ENPVs by orders of magnitude across all of the indications. Moreover, for CABP, CUTI, and HABP/VABP, the 90 percent lower bounds of social values are greater than the 90 percent upper bounds of private values for the same indications. Using the decision-tree framework developed, we estimate the private and social value for a new ABOM vaccine at $515.1 million (which is greater than the$100 million threshold) and $2.281 billion, respectively. Similarly, the private and social value for new rapid point-of-care diagnostic designed to identify methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) that can cause serious infections is estimated at$329.0 million and $22.1 billion, respectively. The gap between the current private and public values of drug development suggest that incentives are desirable to stimulate the development of drugs to treat the six indications considered, whether through incentives described in this report or public research investment. However, given the degree of uncertainty associated with different model parameters and the limited scope of this project, it is difficult to ascertain the necessary levels of such incentives. The size of the social benefits from developing a new antibacterial drug is also highly uncertain and based on the improvement in outcomes from a hypothetical new drug. It is also important to note that simultaneous institution of conservation mechanisms, such as education campaigns to promote prudent use, and other stewardship programs, along with the types of antibacterial drug production incentives considered are likely to alter the incentive levels identified in this study. Conservation incentives, by their very nature, tend to reduce the potential market size for new antibacterial drugs thereby necessitating higher production incentive levels to boost private returns to the$100 million threshold

Amygdala and dlPFC abnormalities, with aberrant connectivity and habituation in response to emotional stimuli in females with BPD

Background: Little is known about the frontolimbic abnormalities thought to underlie borderline personality disorder (BPD). We endeavoured to study regional responses, as well as their connectivity and habituation during emotion processing. Methods: 14 BPD patients and 14 normal female controls (NC) controlled for menstrual phase underwent emotion-induction during an fMRI task using standardised images in a block design. We then performed psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis to investigate functional connectivity. Results: BPD patients reported more disgust in questionnaires compared to controls. Relative to NC, they showed reduced left amygdala and increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activation to all emotions collapsed versus neutral. Habituation of ventral striatal activity to repeated emotional stimuli was observed in controls but not in BPD. Finally, in the context of disgust (but not other emotions) versus neutral, BPD patients displayed enhanced left amygdala coupling with the dlPFC and ventral striatum. Limitations: Strict inclusion criteria reduced the sample size. Conclusions: In summary, BPD showed abnormal patterns of activation, habituation and connectivity in regions linked to emotion regulation. Amygdala deactivation may be mediated by abnormal top-down regulatory control from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Aberrant emotion processing may play a unique role in the pathophysiology of BPD

The role of primary care providers in patient activation and engagement in self-management: a cross-sectional analysis

BACKGROUND: The increasing burden of chronic illness highlights the importance of self-care and shifts from hierarchical and patriarchal models to partnerships. Primary care providers (PCPs) play an important role in supporting patients in self-management, enabling activation and supporting chronic care. We explored the extent to which PCPs’ beliefs about the importance of the patients’ role relate to the frequency in which they report engaging in collaborative and partnership-building behaviors with patients. METHODS: PCPs’ beliefs were measured using the Clinician Support for Patient Activation Measure (CS-PAM). We also assessed whether PCPs’ CS-PAM scores were positively associated with changes in their patients’ Patient Activation Measure (PAM) scores. Participants included 181 PCPs from a single accountable care organization in Minnesota who completed an online survey. We conducted bivariate analyses and multivariate regression models to examine relationships between CS-PAM and PCP self-management support behaviors and changes in level of patient activation. RESULTS: PCPs with high CS-PAM scores were much more likely to engage in supportive self-management and patient behavior change approaches, such as involving the patient in agenda-setting, problem-solving, and collaboratively setting behavioral goals, than were PCPs with low CS-PAM scores. More positive PCPs’ belief in the patients’ role in self-management was positively correlated with improvements in their patients’ level of patient activation. CONCLUSIONS: More positive PCP beliefs about the patients’ role in self-management was strongly related to PCP behaviors geared towards increasing patient activation

MUSiC : a model-unspecific search for new physics in proton-proton collisions at root s=13TeV

Results of the Model Unspecific Search in CMS (MUSiC), using proton-proton collision data recorded at the LHC at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb(-1), are presented. The MUSiC analysis searches for anomalies that could be signatures of physics beyond the standard model. The analysis is based on the comparison of observed data with the standard model prediction, as determined from simulation, in several hundred final states and multiple kinematic distributions. Events containing at least one electron or muon are classified based on their final state topology, and an automated search algorithm surveys the observed data for deviations from the prediction. The sensitivity of the search is validated using multiple methods. No significant deviations from the predictions have been observed. For a wide range of final state topologies, agreement is found between the data and the standard model simulation. This analysis complements dedicated search analyses by significantly expanding the range of final states covered using a model independent approach with the largest data set to date to probe phase space regions beyond the reach of previous general searches.Peer reviewe

Measurement of prompt open-charm production cross sections in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

The production cross sections for prompt open-charm mesons in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13TeV are reported. The measurement is performed using a data sample collected by the CMS experiment corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 29 nb(-1). The differential production cross sections of the D*(+/-), D-+/-, and D-0 ((D) over bar (0)) mesons are presented in ranges of transverse momentum and pseudorapidity 4 < p(T) < 100 GeV and vertical bar eta vertical bar < 2.1, respectively. The results are compared to several theoretical calculations and to previous measurements.Peer reviewe

Search for new particles in events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at root s=13 TeV

A search is presented for new particles produced at the LHC in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV, using events with energetic jets and large missing transverse momentum. The analysis is based on a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 101 fb(-1), collected in 2017-2018 with the CMS detector. Machine learning techniques are used to define separate categories for events with narrow jets from initial-state radiation and events with large-radius jets consistent with a hadronic decay of a W or Z boson. A statistical combination is made with an earlier search based on a data sample of 36 fb(-1), collected in 2016. No significant excess of events is observed with respect to the standard model background expectation determined from control samples in data. The results are interpreted in terms of limits on the branching fraction of an invisible decay of the Higgs boson, as well as constraints on simplified models of dark matter, on first-generation scalar leptoquarks decaying to quarks and neutrinos, and on models with large extra dimensions. Several of the new limits, specifically for spin-1 dark matter mediators, pseudoscalar mediators, colored mediators, and leptoquarks, are the most restrictive to date.Peer reviewe

Measurement of the top quark forward-backward production asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric and chromomagnetic moments in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

Abstract The parton-level top quark (t) forward-backward asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric (d̂ t) and chromomagnetic (μ̂ t) moments have been measured using LHC pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected in the CMS detector in a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. The linearized variable AFB(1) is used to approximate the asymmetry. Candidate t t ¯ events decaying to a muon or electron and jets in final states with low and high Lorentz boosts are selected and reconstructed using a fit of the kinematic distributions of the decay products to those expected for t t ¯ final states. The values found for the parameters are AFB(1)=0.048−0.087+0.095(stat)−0.029+0.020(syst),μ̂t=−0.024−0.009+0.013(stat)−0.011+0.016(syst), and a limit is placed on the magnitude of | d̂ t| &lt; 0.03 at 95% confidence level. [Figure not available: see fulltext.