アフリカにおける廃棄物の発生と潜在的な廃棄物の削減を特定するためのプラスチック政策の評価

京都大学新制・課程博士博士(地球環境学)甲第25468号地環博第254号京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻(主査)准教授 田中 周平, 教授 宇佐美 誠, 教授 平井 康宏, 教授 浅利 美鈴学位規則第4条第1項該当Doctor of Global Environmental StudiesKyoto UniversityDFA

An Analysis of Technical Efficiency of Rice Farmers in Ahero Irrigation Scheme, Kenya

Rice has continued to be an important cereal in Kenya in the recent years. Although it is third after maize and wheat in terms of consumption and production, its rate of consumption has increased over the years compared to maize and wheat. Rice production in Kenya does not meet demand, and the deficit has to be met with imports. Improving productivity would ensure increase in production, improved food security, reduced rice import bills and increased income among smallholder farmers. The current study, therefore, estimated technical efficiency of rice farmers in Ahero Irrigation Scheme, Kisumu County, Kenya. Stratified sampling and probability proportionate to size sampling was used to sample 220 rice farmers. A stochastic Cobb Douglas production function was used to estimate technical efficiency. The study further assessed the factors that affect technical efficiency of the rice farmers. The coefficients of fertilizer and labour were found to positively influence paddy productivity while that of chemical cost negatively influenced paddy productivity. The level of efficiency of rice farmers was found to be 0.82.  The study further found that gender, farming experience, income level and distance to market were found to be significant determinants of technical efficiency. The study therefore recommended policies that will ensure that the costs of productive inputs are affordable to farmers and improving households’ income through better prices for their outputs. Improvement in the transport infrastructure is also important in reducing inefficiencies in paddy production. Key words: Rice, technical efficiency, stochastic Cobb Douglas production function, Keny

Influence of Marketing Strategies on Performance of Cultural Heritage Tourism in Kenya

Adequate information about tourist products and services in a destination can attract tourists and influence performance of tourism business. This study sought to determine the Influence of Marketing Strategies on Performance of Cultural Heritage Tourism in Western Kenya. Descriptive embedded case design and Cross-sectional survey design was adopted for the study. The target population consisted of 6 sites, 18 Focus Group Discussion for respondents, 16 Key informants and 8,014 members of households living within the selected Cultural Heritage sites in Western Kenya. The selected heritage sites were: Kit Mikayi, Crying stone, Sikele Sia Mulia, Thimlich Ohinga, Obama Kogelo Cultural Heritage and Kisumu Museum. A sample size of 357 respondents from 6 heritage sites was sampled for the study using purposive for heritage sites, stratified random sampling for respondents from household heads, and saturated sampling for key informants under the study. Primary data was collected by use of Questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions and Interview Schedule. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Statistical tests, Pearson product-moment of correlation were used to investigate the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze data. Hypothesis was tested at 95% confidence level (α = 0.05). Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic framework.  The findings of the present study indicated that marketing strategies improved social economic performance of Cultural Heritage Tourism in Western Kenya. Marketing strategies have not been fully exploited in Cultural Heritage sites in Western Kenya. Traditional Marketing Strategies were frequently used than non-traditional marketing strategies to attract potential tourists. The study recommended that both traditional and non-traditional marketing strategies should be employed to reach potential tourists in order to make Cultural Heritage sites in Western Kenya more competitive locally and globally. The Cultural heritage sites should be rebranded and upgraded to make them more attractive and competitive. The Kenya Tourism Board in collaboration with other stakeholders should aggressively market cultural heritage tourism. Keywords: Marketing strategies, Cultural Heritage Tourism, Performance, Tourist products and services, Destination, Western Keny

Influence of Core Resources on Performance of Cultural Heritage Tourism in Kenya

Competition among tourism destinations has become more severe in the modern global world, in terms of attracting new visitors who hopefully get emotionally attached and their repeat visit create and sustain a high competitive advantage. This study sought to establish the Influence of Core Resources on Performance of Cultural Heritage Tourism in Western Kenya. Descriptive embedded case design and survey design was adopted for the study. The target population consisted of 6 selected sites, 18 Focus Group Discussion for respondents, 16 Key informants and 8,014 members of households living within the selected Cultural Heritage sites in Western Kenya. The selected heritage sites were: Kit Mikayi, Crying stone, Sikele Sia Mulia, Thimlich Ohinga, Obama Kogelo Cultural Heritage and Kisumu Museum. A sample size of 357 respondents from 6 heritage sites was sampled for the study using purposive for heritage sites and household heads, stratified random sampling for respondents from household heads, and saturated sampling for key informants under the study. Validity was tested by making clear statements and by use of expert judgement by university lecturers. Reliability of the instruments was ascertained through a pilot study of two sites and 15 respondents that did not participate in the final study. Internal consistency was obtained by computing Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, which was valued at 0.858. Primary data was collected by use of Questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions and Interview Schedule. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. Statistical tests, Pearson product-moment of correlation were used to investigate the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Qualitative data was analyzed using thematic framework. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze data. Hypothesis was tested at 95% confidence level (α = 0.05). A two tailed test was carried out to test if there was significant relationship between the independent and dependent variables.  The findings of the present study indicate a positive correlation between Core Resources and Cultural Heritage Tourism. For instance Core Resources had a significant influence at r= 0.752. However, tangible resource had a higher correlation (r=0.763) than intangible core resource (r=0.724).  Western Kenya was endowed with adequate tangible and intangible Core resources. Historical icon and monuments were the highest tourist attractor. Most of the cultural heritage sites in the study revealed poor performance due to poor image of the core resources in most of the sites. Study recommended upgrading the core resources in all heritage sites in western Kenya to make them more competitive. The study recommended development of a Cultural Heritage Gallery as depository for cultural artifacts and exhibition of the narrative documentation of the mythology and entrenchment of Cultural Heritage tourism policy in Kenyan Tourism Act . Keywords: Core resources, Cultural Heritage, Tourism, Western Kenya, Performanc

PERCEPTIONS OF PRINCIPALS, HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS AND TEACHERS REGARDING EFFECTIVENESS OF PRINCIPALS’ INSTRUCTIONAL SUPERVISION IN ASSISTING TEACHERS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CURRICULUM

The purpose of this study was to examine the Perceptions of Principals, Heads of Departments and Teachers Regarding Effectiveness of Principals’ Instructional Supervision in Assisting Teachers in the Implementation of the Curriculum.This study adopted Developmental Supervision Theory by Glickman et al. Descriptive survey design which embraces both quantitative and qualitative approaches, was used. The study was carried out in public secondary schools in Nairobi and Kajiado counties in Kenya. The sample comprised of the following: 38 principals, 151 heads of departments and 289 teachers. This gave a sample size of 478 respondents. Stratified random sampling was used in selecting schools according to the following strata: boys’ public secondary schools, girls’ public secondary schools and mixed public secondary schools. Simple random sampling was used to select principals, heads of departments and teachers for the study. The instruments used to collect data were: Interview guide for principals, Questionnaire for principals, heads of departments and teachers. The validity of the content was determined by seeking expert judgment from specialists in the department of educational management, policy and curriculum studies; while the reliability of the instruments were ascertained by using Cronbach’s alpha technique. The key finding of this study was that : principals did not have adequate skills and knowledge on how to implement the curriculum.majority of principals’ either performed diligently but did not use appropriate skills or they lacked knowledge and skills on how to conduct instructional supervision. It also established that principals faced issues and challenges mainly due to lack of funds and overloaded curriculum; which also interfered with the strategies they put in place to improve instructional supervision. Based on the findings, the researcher recommends that the TSC in connection with the MoE through the Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development (KICD) and Educational Management Institute should frequently organize in-service courses, seminars and workshops to train principals of secondary schools on curriculum development. This would allow them to perform their tasks effectively, and also guarantee effective instructional supervision in curriculum implementation in public secondary schools. The education policy makers need to re-examine the contents of the policy and guide on how instructional supervision could be improved. Secondly, training of principals on instructional supervision should be introduced.  Article visualizations

Challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in their efforts towards poverty reduction in Mukuru Kwa Njenga; Embakasi East Constituency, Nairobi, Kenya

This study explored the challenges faced by women entrepreneurs and their effects on poverty reduction.  The study focused on women entrepreneurs living in Mukuru Kwa Njenga, a slum within Embakasi East Constituency of Nairobi County; Kenya.  It gave attention to women entrepreneurship as a vehicle towards women empowerment; these two concepts in the development of women were explored.  Studies show that the majority of the world’s poor people are women and especially those living in the slums.  According to a report done on women empowerment by Care International in 2012, of the 1.3 billion people who live in absolute poverty around the globe, 70% are women.  The paradox however is that women empowerment efforts, conferences, and declarations have been ongoing since the 1970s with the aim of improving the well-being of women all over the world.  Yet women live in poverty.  This study sought to address this gap by drawing an understanding as to the challenges that vulnerable women face while enhancing their economic empowerment and that of their households. The study targeted 66 women within five self-help groups in Mukuru Kwa Njenga because these groups bring women together towards the cause of self-empowerment.  All 66 women targeted operated small-scale enterprises referred to as Jua Kali enterprises that are run by the side of the road, and with no permanent business structure.  A mixed methods research design incorporating both qualitative and quantitative research methods was used.  Drawing from the research findings, business skills training is not a challenge faced by women entrepreneurs in Mukuru however they lack assets (68%) and business financing (62%) to grow their businesses which tend to have a one year life span.  Other challenges include domestic violence, limited access to affordable health care services, poor drainage, and sanitation within the slum, lack of a conducive market space among others. Keywords: Women Entrepreneurship, Women Empowerment, Poverty Reduction, Slums DOI: 10.7176/DCS/9-6-10 Publication date:June 30th 201

Analysing diet composition and food insecurity by socio-economic status in secondary African cities

This chapter takes as its starting point theorizing around nutrition and food system transitions thought to be increasingly occurring in urban Africa, and how this may be linked to a growing non-communicable disease burden. We focus specifically on the secondary city context by analysing household survey data gathered from six cities across Ghana, Kenya and Uganda during 2013–2015. We asked how diet composition and diversity, food sources and food security varied by socio-economic status, using expenditure and demographic data to create a proxy for household well-being. In this way, we investigate one of the claimed keystones affecting urban food systems and dietary health in sub-Saharan Africa—that of obesogenic urban food environments. Our findings indicate that the socio-economic status of a household was the most important factor influencing household dietary diversity and food security status, i.e. better-off households were more likely to feel food secure and eat from a greater variety of food groups. In addition, the number of income sources was additionally associated with higher dietary diversity. We also found that a household’s involvement in agriculture had only a small positive effect on food security in one city and was associated with a reduction in dietary diversity scores. Our findings emphasize the importance of supporting aggregated national and international statistics on agricultural production and trade with detailed local analyses that focus on actual household food access and consumption. We also see reasons to be cautious about making causal claims regarding consumption change and obesogenic urban environments as the major contributor to a rising obesity and non-communicable disease burden in Africa

An investigation of the transport and dispersion of atmospheric pollutants over Nairobi City

Current rapid deterioration of air quality in most urban can be majorly attributed to ongoing urbanization. This study simulates air pollutant dispersal over Nairobi city using Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model, considering a case for emission of Total Suspended Particles (TSP) into the environment. The wind climatology was established using Wind Rose Plot (WRPlot) view. The predominant wind speed over the city is 4-6 knots and the wind direction is easterly. The forward trajectory of a pollutant released in the city is generally observed to flow to the western side of the city. The pollutant is observed to be dispersed beyond 100 km from the city reducing the concentration of the same in the city. The study recommends for a consultative planning process of the city that factors in the wind characteristics over the city; most industrial activities should be located to the extreme western side of the city to minimize concentration of pollutants over the city. The study further recommends research to be carried out for a longer period of time to ascertain the quality of rain water during the long rain season. This calls for accurate observation and monitoring of pollution levels over the city and other cities in the country

INFLUENCE OF TEACHERS’ KNOWLEDGE COMPETENCY ON PUPILS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN KISUMU COUNTY, KENYA

Academic achievement of pupils’ in Kisumu County has not been encouraging coupled with disparities between the sub-counties. Purpose of the study was to establish the influence of teachers’ knowledge competency on pupils’ academic achievement. The study employed survey research design. The study was conceptualized on principles of high-quality teaching and learning. Study Population comprised 3290 teachers, 658 head teachers, 7 assurance officers and 7 directors. Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill table was used to select sample of 294 teachers and 203 head teachers. Study sample were selected by stratified, random and purposive sampling. Samples selected comprised 294 teachers, 203 head teachers, 7 assurance officers and 7 directors. Informed consent, confidentiality of respondents was observed and data collected at work place. All sources were cited to avoid plagiarism Data was collected using questionnaire, interview schedule and observation checklist. Validity was ensured by comprehensively including all the study variables after which they were presented for assessment to the specialists in Curriculum and Instruction in Kisii University. Reliability of the instruments was determined by test-retest method. Correlation coefficient of teachers’ questionnaire, Head teachers’ questionnaire, QASOs interview schedule, ADDTMs interview schedule and teachers’ observation checklist yielded 0.75, 0.71, 0.73, 0.74 and 0.77 respectively. Level of significance was set at 5%. Data was analyzed using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Quantitative data was sorted, coded and processed using SPSS version 20 to generate frequencies and percentages. Hypotheses were tested using Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlations and Multiple Linear Regressions to establish presence or absence of correlations and association. Qualitative data were sorted into themes and sub-themes, analyzed in an on-going process then reported in prose. Teaching skills and assessment competencies had statistically significant relationship with pupils’ academic achievement at (0.125), p-value (0.027) < 0.05 and (0.121), p-value (0.033) < 0.05 respectively. It was recommended that teachers’ competencies be enhanced through in-service courses; review tests and measurements in professional studies offered in colleges. Article visualizations