BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF SOME VEGETABLES SOLD IN MAJOR MARKETS IN ADO-EKITI, NIGERIA

Consumption of vegetables contaminated with pathogens is a common source of infections. This study investigated bacterial contamination of vegetables sold in major markets in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Sixty samples comprising of 20 samples each of Brassica oleracea, Cochorus olitorius, andAmaranthus hybriduswere examined.Bacteriological procedures were followed in the isolation and identification of bacteria from culture media. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was done using the disk diffusion method.Sixty six bacteria were isolatedfrom 60 vegetable samples. Of these isolates, Salmonella spprecorded 43.3%, followed by Citrobacter freundii18.3%, Klebsiella spp15.0%, Enterobacter spp11.7%, Proteus sppand Alcaligenes spp5.0% each, Escherichiacoliand Providencia spp3.3% each and Vibrio spp1.7%. The prevalence of the isolates on 20 samples of Brassica oleraceadecreased in the order of Salmonella species55.0%, Citrobacter species20.0%, Alkaligenes species10%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus species, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilisand Providentia species5% each. The most frequent bacteria isolated on 20 samples of Cochorus olitoriuswas Salmonella species50.0%, followed by Citrobacter species15.0%. Vibro speciesand Alkaligenes speciesrecorded 5.0% each. Enterobacter speciesrecorded the highest frequency 30.0% on the 20 samples of Amaranthus hybridus, followed by Salmonella speciesand Klebsiella species25.0% each, Citrobacter species20.0%, Pseudomonas aeruginosaand Escherichia coli5.0% each. All isolates weresensitive to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin but resistant to augmentin, ampicillin and cefuroxime. It is essential to control the sources of vegetable contamination to minimize risk of infections especially in vegetables consumed ra

Antimicrobial Activities of Different Honeys Sold in Ado-Ekiti on Bacteria Associated with Upper Respiratory Tract Infections

Honey has been used for various purposes including treatment of some diseases locally especially in wounds and upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). There is paucity of information on the scientific basis for the use of honey in the treatment of uppe r respiratory tract infections caused by bacteria. This study was carried out to determine antibacterial activities of different brands of honey marketed in Ado-Ekiti and relate with those of some orthodox antibiotics used in the treatment of URTIs. The an timicrobial activities of the honeys were assessed against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae using agar well diffusion technique. Broth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the honey against the bacteria. Screening concentrations of neat honey and 80% honey inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae with zone of inhibition ranging between 2-10 mm. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to all concentrations of honeys except for one honey (Dr Bee) that inhibited the organism at 100% concentration. Orthodox antibiotics showed significantly higher mean zone of inhibition in relation to honey (P < 0.001). The sensitive organisms were inhibited in dose related manner. The mean MIC of the different honey brands was generally at 31.25% against Staphylococcus aureus while concentration of 50% showed bactericidal effect on S. aureus. Klebsiella pneumoniae was inhibited at mean concentration of 31.5% and bactericidal effect was observed against the organism at 40% mean concentration

Antibacterial Activities of Selected Fruit Peels against Organisms Associated with Urinary Tract Infection

The use of natural products as anti-infective agents, have given rise to new chemical diversity and are preferred in modern world. Among all these natural sources, plants and its products is more reliable because of its renewability.Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infectious diseases occurring in either the community or healthcare setting. Orange and Plantain peels were used to determine the antibacterialactivities. A measure of 50 grams of powder was filled in the thimble and extracted with 150 ml of ethanol successively up to 48 hours. The solvent extracts were concentrated separately under reduced pressure, 2g of each concentrated solvent extracts weredissolved in 20 ml of 20% dimethyl sulphoxide and used for antibacterial assays using agar well diffusion and broth method. The phytochemical analysis of sweet orange peel shows that carbohydrate, reducing sugars, tannins and flavonoids were present, The zone of inhibition effect of the extracts on selected organism was concentration dependent (25<50<75<100). Higher concentration of extract recordedlarger/wider effect on each test organism.Musa paradisiacalpeel showed no effect on test organism except at 100mg/ml that recorded 4.7±0.47mm against E. coligrowth. The MIC and MBC of both orange peel and plantain peels suggest potency against test organisms.Orange peel has advantage over plantain peel;S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosawere susceptible tothe extract exemptingK. pneumonia, whichshowed no susceptibility to the duo extracts. The peels of Citrus sinensisand Musa paradisiacalexhibited inhibitory activity against certain bacteria, which can be attributed to the presence of certain secondary metabolites. But when compared with standard antibiotics, the ethanoic extracts of the duo was less efficient as there was a smaller size of zone of inhibition against the luxurious growth of tested organism

PREVALENCE OF HUMAN PARVOVIRUS B19 IgG AND IgM ANTIBODIES AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINIC AT FEDERAL TEACHING HOSPITAL IDO-EKITI, NIGERIA

Background: Human Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is a DNA virus, transmitted through respiratory secretions, hand-to-mouth-contact, blood transfusion and trans-placental transfer. It causes high mortality and morbidity in pregnant women, thus contributing to poor maternal and child health. B19V has been neglected due to dearth of epidemiological data. The aim of this study was to determine the sero-prevalence of Human Parvovirus B19 antibodies among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled pregnant women attending Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti from January to May 2019 to obtain sero-epidemiological data. One hundred and twenty-two (122) consenting pregnant women were enrolled following institutional ethical approval. They were administered structured questionnaire and venous blood was collected in plain tubes for serum extraction. &nbsp;Sera samples were analyzed for IgG and IgM antibodies using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay method. Percentages, median, chi-square and multivariate analysis were carried out using SPSS version 17. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Results: The prevalence of IgG was 44.3%(54/122), IgM 41.8%(51/122), and IgG/IgM 28.7%(35/122) leaving 55.7%(68/122) of the population uninfected. The median age of participants was 22 (Interquartile range 18-25) years among which 36-45years had the highest prevalence which was not statistically significant (p=0.09 4.75). There was association between miscarriage, still birth, history of blood transfusion and prevalence of Human Parvovirus B19 (p&lt;0.05). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Conclusion: There is a high Prevalence of B19V among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in this study. This underscores the need for testing and immunization of pregnant women against B19V

Identification and Comparison of Microbial Load of Different Water Products Available in Ekiti State

The quest for a safe drinking water free from any form of contamination cannot be overemphasized. People around the world do not have safe drinking water and that has resulted into myriad of water borne diseases. A total of twenty-two (22) samples were collected from twelve (12) different brand and subjected to microbiological analysis. From the results obtained, pH of the analyzed samples had ranges from 6.5 to 7.5, which fall within the normal standard range of 6.5 to 8.5. The Fecal coliform count for all products gave 0cfu/ml, which indicates the absence of fecal contamination and the absence of Escherichia coli, the indicator organism under investigation. But other Bacterial isolated includes: Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas spp, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus smithii, Citrobacter spp, Klebsiella oxytoca, Coagulase negative staphylococci. The above listed organisms are not considered pathogenic in healthy individuals, but in immunodeficient individuals, they are dangerous especially Pseudomonas which have been isolated in gastrointestinal infections, most package water products are expected to be free from fecal contamination, using the MPN testing method, it facilitates the identification of Escherichia coli which is one of the indicator organisms amongst others. The results of this study show that the packaged water products are safe for consumption. The total coliform count showed that the methods used for treatments eliminate coliforms and other heterotrophic organisms to a reasonable extent, since the count were above 10 cfu/ml. Risk of infection cannot be ascertained using colony count alone, rather, it is a measure for the effectiveness of filtration processes and serves as a measure for assessing the hygiene levels observed by each corporation

Zingiber officinale AND Andrographis paniculata INHIBITS SELECTED PATHOGENIC BACTERIA GROWTH

Background: The emergence of antibiotic resistance bacteria in general practice has necessitated the search for other alternative and newer antibacterial agents that are mainly of natural sources. Previous studies have shown that Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Andrographis paniculata (king bitters) have several beneficial properties against pathogenic bacteria and other microbes and are being used locally.Aim: The antibacterial properties of Zingiber officinale and Andrographis paniculata extracts against selected clinical bacteria were evaluated in comparison to previous routine antibiotics.Materials and Methods: Different graded concentrations of solvents were used to extract the active components from the plant parts (0.05 g/ml, 0.1 g/ml and 0.2 g/ml and 0.4 g/ml) and subjected to antibacterial sensitivity test against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter freundii, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp and Klebsiella pneumoniae.Results: The methanol and ethanol extracts of the two plants showed greater antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 0.4 g/ml with varying sensitivities and resistance of other bacteria recorded against the extracts and other antibiotics, while the aqueous extracts of both plants generally had no significant inhibitory activity against the tested bacteria.Conclusion: The methanol and ethanol extracts of ginger and king of bitters plants may therefore be a promising and safe bioactive antimicrobial alternative against the multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in wounds and skin infections

Bacterial contamination of some vegetables sold in major markets in Adoekiti, Nigeria

Consumption of vegetables contaminated with pathogens is a common source of infections. This study investigated bacterial contamination of vegetables sold in major markets in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Sixty samples comprising of 20 samples each of Brassica oleracea, Cochorus olitorius, and Amaranthus hybridus were examined. Bacteriological procedures were followed in the isolation and identification of bacteria from culture media. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was done using the disk diffusion method. Sixty six bacteria were isolated from 60 vegetable samples. Of these isolates, Salmonella spp recorded 43.3%, followed by Citrobacter freundii 18.3%, Klebsiella spp 15.0%, Enterobacter spp 11.7%, Proteus spp and Alcaligenes spp 5.0% each, Escherichia coli and Providencia spp 3.3% each and Vibrio spp 1.7%. The prevalence of the isolates on 20 samples of Brassica oleracea decreased in the order of Salmonella species 55.0%, Citrobacter species 20.0%, Alkaligenes species 10%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ..

Prevalence of Anti-Human Papillomavirus IgG Antibody among Students of a Private Tertiary Institution in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.

Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is an oncogenic sexually transmitted virus. It is the leading cause of cervical cancer, penile, vulva, vaginal and anal high-grade dysplasia. Infections are usually asymptomatic only to manifest after several years, implying that most adults with symptoms must have been infected at their young ages. The risky sexual behavior of subjects at ages 16-24 makes then vulnerable. Objectives: This study evaluates the prevalence of anti-human Papillomavirus IgG antibody among students of a tertiary institution in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Methods: One hundred and fifty (150) blood samples were collected from consenting students (100 females and 50 males) age 16-24 in Ado-Ekiti. A structured questionnaire was administered concurrently. Sera were assayed using the anti-HPV-IgG antibody ELISA Kit (Melsin Medical Co. Limited). Data was analyzed using Epi-Info 7.2 Version Software and Excel. Ethical approval was obtained for the study. Results: Sixty eight (45%) of the total subjects were seropositive for anti-HPV-IgG antibody. Twenty six (52%) males and 42 (41%) females were seropositive. There was no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) in seropositivity across the ages and among the gender. Fifty nine (60%) of sexually active subjects were seropositive for anti-HPV-IgG antibody (p˂0.05). Thirty five (97%) non-condom users were seropositive (p&lt; 0.05). Only three of the subjects had been vaccinated. Conclusion: The high rate of seropositivity to anti-HPV-IgG antibody in the population is a cardinal pointer to high rate of exposure to HPV and a likely exposure to the high-risk serotype