Uso de Babesia bovis como uma vacina de vetor vivo para o controle do carrapato bovino Rhipicephalus microplus

O carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus é um ectoparasito hematófago de grande importância para a pecuária por ser responsável por perdas massivas na produção animal, de forma que o seu controle é economicamente relevante. Este carrapato, além dos danos que causa por si só, é também um importante vetor para a transmissão de microorganismos patogênicos, entre eles o hemoprotozoário intraeritrocítico Babesia bovis. O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de uma linhagem de B. bovis capaz de expressar um antígeno protetor, uma glutationa S-transferase do carrapato Haemaphysalis longicornis (HlGST), e o teste desta linhagem como uma vacina de vetor vivo para o controle do carrapato R. microplus. B. bovis, em cultivo, da linhagem S74-T3B foram eletroporados em presença de plasmídeo contendo o promotor bidirecional de B. bovis Ef-1 aresponsável pela expressão independente de dois genes: o repórter fusionado ao agente para seleção (GFP-BSD) e HlGST fusionada à sequência codificadora do peptídeo sinal de MSA-1 (merozoite surface antigen-1). Após a eletroporação, foi feita a seleção com blasticidina para obtenção da linhagem nomeada HlGST. A linhagem HlGST é composta por parasitos contendo diferentes padrões de inserção dos genes exógenos, tanto dentro quanto fora do locus Ef-1. Uma linhagem clonal denominada HlGST-Cln expressando HlGST e GFP-BSD foi obtida a partir da linhagem HlGST. Dois ensaios, independentes, de imunização de bovinos com os parasitos clonais foram realizados, sendo usado como controle uma linhagem clonal previamente caracterizada denominada GFP-Cln. Todos os animais inoculados desenvolveram uma forma branda de babesiose, indicando que ambas as linhagens clonais são atenuadas, mas apenas os animais imunizados com a linhagem HlGST-Cln foram capazes de produzir anticorpos anti-HlGST. O segundo procedimento de imunização foi seguido por um desafio com larvas de R. microplus. O desenvolvimento dessas larvas no hospedeiro levou a fêmeas adultas de menor peso e fertilidade. Coletivamente, esses dados mostram a possibilidade de uso de linhagens transfectadas de B. bovis como vacinas de vetor vivo.The tick Rhipicephalus microplus is a notorious blood-feeding ectoparasite of cattle, responsible for massive losses in animal production. It is the main vector of pathogenic microorganisms, including Babesia bovis, an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan protozoan parasite responsible for bovine babesiosis. This study describes the development and testing of a live B. bovis vaccine expressing the protective tick antigen glutathione S-transferase from Haemaphysalis longicornis (HlGST). The B. bovis S74- T3B parasites were electroporated with a plasmid containing the bidirectional Ef-1 promoter of B. bovis controlling expression of two independent genes, the selectable marker GFP-BSD, and HlGST fused to the MSA-1 (merozoite surface antigen-1) signal peptide from B. bovis. Electroporation followed by blasticidin selection resulted in the emergence of a mixed B. bovis transfected line (termed HlGST) in in vitro cultures, containing parasites with distinct patterns of insertion of both exogenous genes, either in or outside the Ef-1 a locus. A B. bovis clonal line termed HlGST-Cln expressing HlGST and GFP-BSD was then derived from the mixed parasite line HlGST. Two independent calf immunization trials were performed via intravenous inoculation of the HlGST-Cln and a control consisting of an irrelevant transfected clonal line of B. bovis designated GFP-Cln. The control GFP-Cln line contains a copy of the GFP-BSD gene inserted into the Ef-1 locus of B. bovis in an identical fashion as the HIGST-Cln parasites. All animals inoculated with the HlGST-Cln and GFP-Cln transfected parasites developed mild babesiosis indicating that both transfected cloned parasite lines are attenuated. All animals immunized with HlGST-Cln produced detectable anti-glutathione-S-transferase antibodies. After immunization with HlGST-Cln, calves were challenged with R. microplus larva. Development of these larva produce fully engorged female tick with reduced weight and fertility. Collectively, these data show that transfected B. bovis parasites can be used as vectors in live vectored vaccines

Caracterização da rVTDCE de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus : uma peptidase antimicrobiana

O carrapato bovino, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, é um artrópode hematófago, responsável por importantes perdas na pecuária. Durante o desenvolvimento do embrionário do carrapato a cisteíno endopeptidase degradadora de vitelina (VTDCE) participa do processo de hidrólise de vitelina (Vt), a principal fonte de energia e aminoácidos durante esse período. Devido à sua importância na fisiologia do parasita, a VTDCE é um alvo potencial para o desenvolvimento de vacinas anti-carrapatos. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a VTDCE nativa, purificada de ovos confere proteção contra R. microplus, desencadeada pela resposta imune dos bovinos após a administração deste antígeno. Entretanto, o extenso e dispendioso processo de purificação desta proteína, acrescido do baixo rendimento e fonte escassa de material (ovos de carrapato) inviabiliza a utilização da proteína nativa para fins comerciais. Tais dificuldades podem ser ultrapassadas por meio do uso de uma proteína recombinante. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo a expressão, purificação e caracterização da VTDCE recombinante (rVTDCE). Parte da sequência de aminoácidos da VTDCE nativa foi obtida por sequenciamento de edman e pela análise por especrometria de massas de petídeos obtidos pelo tratamento da proteína com tripsina e. As sequências obtidas assim obtidas foram utilizadas para buscar a sequência da ORF da VTDCE em um banco de cDNA. Por meio de PCR, a ORF da enzima foi clonada em vetor de clonagem e posteriormente de expressão. A rVTDCE expressa em Escherichia coli foi purificada por cromatografia de afinidade e utilizada para determinar algumas de suas propriedades, como atividade enzimática e antimicrobiana. A atividade enzimática foi avaliada através de ensaios fluorimétricos, onde a rVTDCE mostrou características similares à VTDCE nativa. Ensaios antimicrobianos foram realizados para avaliar a possível atividade sugerida após análise da sequencia da ORF da VTDCE. A análise molecular mostrou que a sequência da VTDCE apresenta semelhança com peptídeos antimicrobianos, fato comprovado através de ensaios antimicrobianos. Efetivamente, a VTDCE apresentou atividade antimicrobiana tanto na sua forma nativa como na forma desnaturada desprovida de atividade peptidásica, demonstrando que ambas as atividades são independentes. Foram feitos também ensaios imunológicos, onde anticorpos policlonais anti-rVTDCE foram produzidos em coelhos e bovinos. Por Western blot foi observado que os anticorpos policlonais produzidos contra VTDCE recombinante reconheceram a VTDCE nativa, e o inverso também, indicando que a forma recombinante pode ser utilizada para experimentos de vacinação.The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a hematophagous arthropod, responsible for significant losses in livestock. During the tick embryo the vitellin-degrading cysteine endopeptidase (VTDCE) participates in the vitellin (Vt) hydrolysis, the main energy source and amino acids during this period. Due to the importance of this enzyme in parasite physiology the VTDCE is a potential target for development of anti-tick vaccine. In previous studies, the immunization with native VTDCE, purified from tick egg, conferred protection against R. microplus. However, the extensive and expensive purification process, plus the low achievement precludes the use of the native protein for commercial purposes. This difficulty can be overcome by the expression of a recombinant protein in heterologous organism. This work aims the expression, purification and characterization of recombinant VTDCE (rVTDCE). Part of the native VTDCE amino acid sequence was determined by Edman sequencing. Native protein was also trypsinized and peptides sequenced by mass spectrometry. The sequences obtained from mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing were used to search the ORF sequence of VTDCE in a tick cDNA library. Through PCR enzyme ORF was cloned into a cloning vector and further into an expression vector. The rVTDCE expressed in Escherichia coli was purified by affinity chromatography and used to determine some of its properties such as antimicrobial and enzyme activity. The enzymatic activity was measured using fluorimetric assays, where rVTDCE had similar characteristics to VTDCE. Antimicrobial assays were performed to evaluate the possible activity suggested after sequence analysis. Molecular analysis showed that the sequence of VTDCE shows similarity with antimicrobial peptides, which was proven through antimicrobial assays. Effectively, the VTDCE presented antimicrobial activity even when the protein didn’t present enzymatic activity, demonstrating that both activities are independent. Immunological assays were also performed. Polyclonal anti-rVTDCE serum were produced in rabbits and cattle. Western blot showed that the polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant VTDCE recognized the native form, indicating that the recombinant form may be used for vaccination experiments

Caracterização da rVTDCE de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus : uma peptidase antimicrobiana

O carrapato bovino, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, é um artrópode hematófago, responsável por importantes perdas na pecuária. Durante o desenvolvimento do embrionário do carrapato a cisteíno endopeptidase degradadora de vitelina (VTDCE) participa do processo de hidrólise de vitelina (Vt), a principal fonte de energia e aminoácidos durante esse período. Devido à sua importância na fisiologia do parasita, a VTDCE é um alvo potencial para o desenvolvimento de vacinas anti-carrapatos. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a VTDCE nativa, purificada de ovos confere proteção contra R. microplus, desencadeada pela resposta imune dos bovinos após a administração deste antígeno. Entretanto, o extenso e dispendioso processo de purificação desta proteína, acrescido do baixo rendimento e fonte escassa de material (ovos de carrapato) inviabiliza a utilização da proteína nativa para fins comerciais. Tais dificuldades podem ser ultrapassadas por meio do uso de uma proteína recombinante. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo a expressão, purificação e caracterização da VTDCE recombinante (rVTDCE). Parte da sequência de aminoácidos da VTDCE nativa foi obtida por sequenciamento de edman e pela análise por especrometria de massas de petídeos obtidos pelo tratamento da proteína com tripsina e. As sequências obtidas assim obtidas foram utilizadas para buscar a sequência da ORF da VTDCE em um banco de cDNA. Por meio de PCR, a ORF da enzima foi clonada em vetor de clonagem e posteriormente de expressão. A rVTDCE expressa em Escherichia coli foi purificada por cromatografia de afinidade e utilizada para determinar algumas de suas propriedades, como atividade enzimática e antimicrobiana. A atividade enzimática foi avaliada através de ensaios fluorimétricos, onde a rVTDCE mostrou características similares à VTDCE nativa. Ensaios antimicrobianos foram realizados para avaliar a possível atividade sugerida após análise da sequencia da ORF da VTDCE. A análise molecular mostrou que a sequência da VTDCE apresenta semelhança com peptídeos antimicrobianos, fato comprovado através de ensaios antimicrobianos. Efetivamente, a VTDCE apresentou atividade antimicrobiana tanto na sua forma nativa como na forma desnaturada desprovida de atividade peptidásica, demonstrando que ambas as atividades são independentes. Foram feitos também ensaios imunológicos, onde anticorpos policlonais anti-rVTDCE foram produzidos em coelhos e bovinos. Por Western blot foi observado que os anticorpos policlonais produzidos contra VTDCE recombinante reconheceram a VTDCE nativa, e o inverso também, indicando que a forma recombinante pode ser utilizada para experimentos de vacinação.The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a hematophagous arthropod, responsible for significant losses in livestock. During the tick embryo the vitellin-degrading cysteine endopeptidase (VTDCE) participates in the vitellin (Vt) hydrolysis, the main energy source and amino acids during this period. Due to the importance of this enzyme in parasite physiology the VTDCE is a potential target for development of anti-tick vaccine. In previous studies, the immunization with native VTDCE, purified from tick egg, conferred protection against R. microplus. However, the extensive and expensive purification process, plus the low achievement precludes the use of the native protein for commercial purposes. This difficulty can be overcome by the expression of a recombinant protein in heterologous organism. This work aims the expression, purification and characterization of recombinant VTDCE (rVTDCE). Part of the native VTDCE amino acid sequence was determined by Edman sequencing. Native protein was also trypsinized and peptides sequenced by mass spectrometry. The sequences obtained from mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing were used to search the ORF sequence of VTDCE in a tick cDNA library. Through PCR enzyme ORF was cloned into a cloning vector and further into an expression vector. The rVTDCE expressed in Escherichia coli was purified by affinity chromatography and used to determine some of its properties such as antimicrobial and enzyme activity. The enzymatic activity was measured using fluorimetric assays, where rVTDCE had similar characteristics to VTDCE. Antimicrobial assays were performed to evaluate the possible activity suggested after sequence analysis. Molecular analysis showed that the sequence of VTDCE shows similarity with antimicrobial peptides, which was proven through antimicrobial assays. Effectively, the VTDCE presented antimicrobial activity even when the protein didn’t present enzymatic activity, demonstrating that both activities are independent. Immunological assays were also performed. Polyclonal anti-rVTDCE serum were produced in rabbits and cattle. Western blot showed that the polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant VTDCE recognized the native form, indicating that the recombinant form may be used for vaccination experiments

Endocrinology and control of tick vitellogenesis

Background: Ticks are distributed worldwide, with impacts on human and animal health. The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the main parasite that affects livestock in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, causing large economical losses. Tick control methods are based on the application of chemical acaricides, which has resulted in selection of resistant ticks and a potential risk of environmental pollution and food contamination. Vaccines have showed to be a feasible tick control method that offers a cost-effective, environmental friendly alternative to chemical control. However, more than ten years after the commercialization of the first vaccine against ticks, the identification of tick-protective antigens remains a limiting step in the development of an efficient formulation that would avoid the use of chemical acaricides. So, the study of parasite biology and understanding physiological mechanisms could be a good strategy to find new targets for an efficient vaccine. Review: It was reviewed the main insights about the reproductive process in ticks, emphasizing the hormonal control of vitellogenesis and enzymes involved in vitellin processing during embryogenesis. The processes of vitellogenesis and embryogenesis have been studied in various organisms, particularly in cockroaches, flies and ticks. Although the roles of 20- hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone have been well characterized for vitellogenesis in insects, we know much less about the hormonal control of vitellogenesis in ticks. Initially, it was hypothesized that juvenile hormone was involved in tick vitellogenin-synthesis. However, more critical studies uncovered no evidence for the occurrence of juvenile hormone or juvenile hormone-like molecules in several tick species. Current research shows that in ticks, it appears that ecdysteroids, and not juvenile hormone, regulate the expression of the vitellogenin gene and the synthesis and release of vitellogenin protein into the hemolymph. In general, the carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid composition of tick vitellogenin is similar to that of insect vitellogenin. Once in the hemolymph, oocytes uptake vitellogenin through receptor-mediated endocytosys. However, there are different strategies to control vitellogenin synthesis and uptake by ovary in ixodide ticks. In the oocytes, vitellogenin is partially processed in the endosomal compartment and then stored as vitellin, the main reserve of protein for embryo development, in specialized organelles, the yolk granules. Embryo development depends on the availability of yolk material stored into oocytes. So, the characterization of molecules involved in vitellogenesis and embryo development contribute to a better understanding of the tick parasite physiology. During embryogesesis, acidic enzymes are responsible for the availability of this material and embryo nutrition. The Vitellin-Degrading Cysteine Endopeptidase (VTDCE), Boophilus Yolk Pro-Cathepsin (BYC) and Tick Heme Binding Aspartic Proteinase (THAP) are enzymes involved in vitellin hydrolysis in R. microplus eggs. These enzymes are produced by gut and fat body and transported through the hemolymph to be internalized into the oocytes and then play their role in tick embryo nutrition. As VTDCE, BYC and THAP are involved in an important physiological process, their potential as targets in an anti-tick vaccine is an attractive research topic. With this objective, various enzymes have been tested in native or recombinant forms as candidate immunogens to a multiantigenic anti-tick vaccine. Conclusion: Significant advancements have been made in recent years on understanding the tick reproductive process, and some molecules that can be possible targets for development of new tick control strategies have been characterized

Endocrinology and control of tick vitellogenesis

Background: Ticks are distributed worldwide, with impacts on human and animal health. The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is the main parasite that affects livestock in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, causing large economical losses. Tick control methods are based on the application of chemical acaricides, which has resulted in selection of resistant ticks and a potential risk of environmental pollution and food contamination. Vaccines have showed to be a feasible tick control method that offers a cost-effective, environmental friendly alternative to chemical control. However, more than ten years after the commercialization of the first vaccine against ticks, the identification of tick-protective antigens remains a limiting step in the development of an efficient formulation that would avoid the use of chemical acaricides. So, the study of parasite biology and understanding physiological mechanisms could be a good strategy to find new targets for an efficient vaccine. Review: It was reviewed the main insights about the reproductive process in ticks, emphasizing the hormonal control of vitellogenesis and enzymes involved in vitellin processing during embryogenesis. The processes of vitellogenesis and embryogenesis have been studied in various organisms, particularly in cockroaches, flies and ticks. Although the roles of 20- hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone have been well characterized for vitellogenesis in insects, we know much less about the hormonal control of vitellogenesis in ticks. Initially, it was hypothesized that juvenile hormone was involved in tick vitellogenin-synthesis. However, more critical studies uncovered no evidence for the occurrence of juvenile hormone or juvenile hormone-like molecules in several tick species. Current research shows that in ticks, it appears that ecdysteroids, and not juvenile hormone, regulate the expression of the vitellogenin gene and the synthesis and release of vitellogenin protein into the hemolymph. In general, the carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid composition of tick vitellogenin is similar to that of insect vitellogenin. Once in the hemolymph, oocytes uptake vitellogenin through receptor-mediated endocytosys. However, there are different strategies to control vitellogenin synthesis and uptake by ovary in ixodide ticks. In the oocytes, vitellogenin is partially processed in the endosomal compartment and then stored as vitellin, the main reserve of protein for embryo development, in specialized organelles, the yolk granules. Embryo development depends on the availability of yolk material stored into oocytes. So, the characterization of molecules involved in vitellogenesis and embryo development contribute to a better understanding of the tick parasite physiology. During embryogesesis, acidic enzymes are responsible for the availability of this material and embryo nutrition. The Vitellin-Degrading Cysteine Endopeptidase (VTDCE), Boophilus Yolk Pro-Cathepsin (BYC) and Tick Heme Binding Aspartic Proteinase (THAP) are enzymes involved in vitellin hydrolysis in R. microplus eggs. These enzymes are produced by gut and fat body and transported through the hemolymph to be internalized into the oocytes and then play their role in tick embryo nutrition. As VTDCE, BYC and THAP are involved in an important physiological process, their potential as targets in an anti-tick vaccine is an attractive research topic. With this objective, various enzymes have been tested in native or recombinant forms as candidate immunogens to a multiantigenic anti-tick vaccine. Conclusion: Significant advancements have been made in recent years on understanding the tick reproductive process, and some molecules that can be possible targets for development of new tick control strategies have been characterized

Cisteíno endopeptidase recombinante ou peptídeos derivados utilizados para o controle de carrapatos

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulVeterináriaCiências Básicas da SaúdeDepositad

Clonagem do gene de uma proteína de ovário do carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus

31

Clonagem do gene de uma proteína de ovário do carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus

31