ANALISIS VEGETASI GULMA PADA PERTANAMAN JAGUNG DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN PENGENDALIAN GULMA DI LAMBUNG BUKIT, PADANG, SUMATERA BARAT

The Vegetation Analysis of Weeds in Corn (Zea mays L.) Plantation and Its Conjunction with Weed Control in Lambung Bukit, Padang, West Sumatra         Research about the vegetation analysis of weeds in corn (Zea mays L.) plantation and its conjunction with weed control in Kelurahan Lambung Bukit, Padang, West Sumatra had been conducted from March to Juny 2011 by using systematic squares method of 10 total plots with size 1x1 m2. It was found consist of 10 families, 15 genera,16 species and 1892 individuals weeds. Spermacoce alata (Rubiaceae) showed the highest value of Summed Dominance Ratio (23,17%) and the lowest rate of SDR Hedyotis sp., Cyperus cephalotes and Amaranthus sp. (0,65%). The diversity index of the weeds was H'= 1,2005 (moderate). Integrated weed management is a concept that prioritizes natural control by creating environmental conditions that not favorable for the development of weeds and improve the competitiveness of crops against weeds.Keywords: Weeds, corn, composition, structure, control ABSTRAK         Penelitian mengenai analisis vegetasi gulma pada pertanaman jagung dan hubungannya dengan pengendalian gulma di Kelurahan Lambung Bukit, Padang, Sumatera Barat telah dilaksanakan dari bulan Maret sampai Juni 2011. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan Metode Kuadrat sebanyak 10 plot dengan ukuran 1x1 m2. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan 10 famili, 15 genus, 16 jenis, dan 1892 individu gulma. Gulma yang memiliki nilai SDR tertinggi yaitu gulma jenis Spermacoce alata famili (Rubiaceae) dengan nilai Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR)  23,17 % dan nilai SDR terendah Hedyotis sp., Cyperus cephalotes dan Amaranthus sp. (0,65%). Nilai indeks dari keanekaragaman jenis gulma berada pada nilai H’ = 1,2005 (sedang). Pengelolaan gulma terpadu merupakan konsep yang mengutamakan pengendalian secara alami dengan menciptakan keadaan lingkungan yang tidak menguntungkan bagi perkembangan gulma dan meningkatkan daya saing tanaman terhadap gulmaKata Kunci: Gulma, Jagung, Komposisi, Struktur, Pengendalia

STUDI PERBANDINGAN KODE BATANG DNA INTI DAN KLOROPLAS PADA Heliconia sp. IN SILICO

Heliconia merupakan tanaman pisang hias yang banyak dibudidayakan di daerah tropis. Keberadaan Heliconia di Indonesia memiliki kemelimpahan tinggi yang menjadikan tanaman tersebut berpotensi untuk bersaing di pasar bunga Internasional. Heliconia merupakan kelompok tumbuhan belum banyak dipelajari karakter molekulernya, sehingga perlu diperhatikan karena memiliki keterkaitan dengan pentingnya upaya konservasi dan pemuliaan plasma nutfahnya. DNA barcoding dapat digunakan sebagai yang efektif dalam mendeterminansi spesies. Metode yang dilakukan merupakan studi in silico menggunakan database Genbank (NCBI). Sekuen DNA yang dikoleksi dari database pada NCBI yaitu terdiri dari region inti sel dan plastida, yakni rbcL, matK, ITS, psbA dan trnL. Analisis data penyejajaran sekuen, identifikasi sekuen yang berpotensi sebagai barcode dan konstruksi pohon filogenetik dilakukan dengan menggunakan MEGA X. Analisis bioinformatik pohon filogenetik Heliconia menunjukkan bahwa hasil algoritma UPGMA Tree menggunakan gen matK dan rbcL sekuen parsial sangat konservatif dan gagal dalam diskriminasi spesies, sedangkan region ITS memiliki tingkat variasi genetik tinggi dan kemampuan diskriminasi yang baik. Region psbA dan trnL dianggap sebagai gen pelengkap untuk identifikasi tumbuhan khususnya Heliconia, karena kurangnya ketersediaan aksesi online untuk spesies-spesies tumbuhan

Leaf Morphometric and Chlorophyll Content Study of Bisbul (Diospyros discolor Willd.) at the Bogor Botanical Garden

Bisbul (Diospyros discolor Willd.) is one of the collections from the Bogor Botanical (BBG). The wide distribution of this plant in Southeast Asia's tropical forests creates many morphometric variations of this species. The diversity of leaf morphometric variations of a plant species can be the basis for grouping various species. This study aimed to determine the morphometric diversity of Bisbul leaves from various locations of origin. The study took samples of bisbul leaves from Bogor Botanical Gardens from three accessions, namely the Philippines, West Java, and Papua. All the trees are over 30 years old. The leaves are taken based on a horizontal position, vertical crown, and leafage. The results showed that the origin of the location gave different multiplier values to calculate the area, namely the Philippines y = 0.733x + 0.034; West Java y = 0.765x-2,949; and Papua y = 0.758x-1.389. The length to leaf width ratio also has differences, namely, the Philippines, which is 2.64, West Java 2.65, and Papua 2.81. The chlorophyll content in young leaves increases in old leaves. The samples from Papua also have the highest chlorophyll content compared to the Philippines and West Java. This difference indicates morphometric variations between the three, even within one species. Some environmental conditions may affect shade areas and tree age. In addition, DNA research from accession D. discolor is also needed to determine the cause of the morphometric variation.

The Diversity and Diameter Growth Rate of Sprouting-Type Tree in Bukit Pinang-Pinang Forest Permanent Plots

The process of forest regeneration can take place within a certain period of time. Sprouting is a form of strategy for in adapting to its environment for success in regenerating. The Research on  the diversity and diameter growth rate of sprouting-type tree in Bukit Pinang-pinang forest permanent plots, West Sumatra was carried out from October 2012 to December 2016 in the forest of Bukit Pinang-Pinang, West Sumatra and Herbarium Department of Biology, Universitas Andalas, Padang. This research was conducted using a survey method by census. The parameters analyzed were plant species composition, Morishita Index, Mann-Whitney test, Regression and Correlation test as well as RDGR (Relative Diameter of Growth Rate). The result of experiment was found 40 species of trees sprouting type in forest permanent plot Bukit Pinang-Pinang. The pattern of sprouting type trees distribution in the study locations was found to have a clustered, random and uniform pattern. Relative Diameter Growth Rate (RDGR) of 40 sprouting types of trees in the Bukit Pinang-Pinang forest permanent plots ranged from 0.003 cm/cm/year to 0.0288 cm/cm/year. Altitude did not affect  RDGR of an individual tree sprouting type for 31 year

Ekstrak chlorella sp. yang dikultur pada media limbah ternak ayam

Untuk menguragi pencemaran lingkungan yang berasal dari limbah ternak ayam broiler, kotoran ayam dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai media tumbuh. Pada penelitian ini, Chlorella sp (inaCC M39) dikultur pada media limbah ternak ayam Broiler dengan konsentrasi 20 gram/L. Limbah yang digunakan merupakan kotoran ayam broiler yang telah kering dan dilakukan uji untuk mengetahui kadar Nitrogen (N), fosfor (P), dan Kalium (K). Uji N menggunakan metode kjhedal, Uji P dan K dengan spektrofotometri. Kadar N pada limbah kotoran ayam yaitu 0,8%, kadar P sebesar 0,041%, dan kadar K sebesar 112,58 mg/L.  Pertumbuhan Chlorella sp diamati selama 16 hari setiap 48 jam dengan spectofotometer pada panjang gelombang 680 nm. Chlorella sp mencapai puncak pertumbuhan pada hari ke-14. Ekstraksi biomassa Chlorella sp dilakukan bertingkat dengan pelarut kloroform dan dilanjutkan dengan pelarut metanol, lalu dilakukan uji fitokimia. Ekstrak metanol Chlorella sp diketahui memiliki kandungan steroid dan saponin.   Kata Kunci : Limbah, Ayam Broiler, Media, Chlorella sp., Ekstrak     ABSTRACT  Extract of Chlorella sp. Cultured in Chicken Livestock Waste Media To reduce environmental pollution from broiler chicken waste, chicken manure can be used as a growing medium. In this study, Chlorella sp. (inaCC M39) was cultured on Broiler chicken waste media with a concentration of  20 grams / L. The waste used was dried broiler chicken manure and tested to determine levels of Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K). The test for N uses the kjhedal method, P and K were tested with spectrophotometry methods. The content of N in chicken manure are 0.8%, P are 0.041%, and K are 112.58 mg / L. Chlorella sp. growth was observed for 16 days every 48 hours with a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 680 nm. Chlorella sp. reaches peak growth on day 14. Chlorella sp. biomass was extracted with chloroform solvents and followed by methanol solvents, then phytochemical tests were performed. Chlorella sp. methanol extract is known to contain steroids and saponins.   Keywords: Waste, Broiler Chicken, Media, Chlorella sp., Extrac

Eksplorasi biji di Kawasan Cagar Alam dan Taman Wisata Alam Pananjung Pangandaran Jawa Barat

Eksplorasi biji merupakan bagian dari kegiatan konservasi secara ex situ yang hasilnya dapat disimpan pada bank biji. Bank biji memiliki beberapa keunggulan sebagai salah satu metode konservasi yang efektif. Kegiatan eksplorasi flora dan pengayaan koleksi bank biji dilakukan di kawasan Taman Wisata Alam (TWA) dan Cagar Alam (CA) Pananjung Pangandaran pada tanggal 2 April 2019 sampai dengan 15 April 2019. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari dan mengumpulkan biji tumbuhan serta mengetahui keanekaragaman jenis dari tumbuhan yang berbuah. Metode yang digunakan pada ekplorasi flora ini yaitu metode jelajah. Metode pemanenan buah dilakukan dengan cara memanen langsung dari pohon yang berbuah. Setiap spesimen buah dan biji dilakukan karakterisasi, pengukuran kadar air dan pemeriksaan viabilitasnya untuk mengetahui karakter simpan biji tumbuhan tersebut. Berdasarkan penelitian ini didapatkan 34 nomor koleksi selama 14 hari di dua lokasi dalam kawasan TWA dan CA Pananjung Pangandaran. Biji-biji yang didapatkan di kawasan TWA dan CA Penanjung Pangandaran adalah biji-biji orthodok 85,29%, intermediate 2,94 %, dan sebanyak 11,76 % adalah biji-biji rekalsitran

PEMISAHAN ASAM AMINO DARI LIMBAH CAIR PABRIK KELAPA SAWIT DENGAN KROMATOGRAFI PENUKAR ION

Separation of Amino acid from Liquid waste of Oil palm Factory with Ion Exchange Chromatography Research on Separation of Amino Acid Liquid Waste mills with Ion Exchange Chromatography was carried out from October to November 2015. The results of  hydrolysis of 6 N HCl results showed  that the highest absorbance reading was obtained at a concentration of eluent of 0,2 and 0,6 M NaCl, while the results of the protease enzyme hydrolysis the highest absorbance reading at NaCl eluent 0,2 and 1 M. There was no significant difference in the results of separation by ion exchange chromatography, showed that the concentration of NaCl eluent is not very influential, so for subsequent analysis used only one concentration of the eluent. Results of linear regression obtained was equal to 0,9946, these results indicate that the series standard amino acid lysine has a value that is linear as it approaches 1. The amino acid levels obtained on the sample results LCPKS hydrolysis with 6 N HCl which was about 0 to 8.82 ppm and samples of the protease enzyme hydrolysis of about 0 to 4.31 ppm. Amino acid levels obtained were still far from the expected.Keywords: Amino Acid, Oil Palm, Liquid Waste, Ion Exchange Chromatography ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai Pemisahan Asam Amino dari Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit dengan Kromatografi Penukar Ion telah dilaksanakan dari bulan Oktober sampai November 2015. Hasil hidrolisis HCl 6 N menunjukkan bahwa pembacaan absorbansi tertinggi diperoleh pada konsentrasi eluen NaCl 0,2 dan 0,6 M, sedangkan hasil hidrolisis enzim protease pembacaan absorbansi tertinggi pada eluen NaCl 0,2 dan 1 M. Tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan pada hasil pemisahan dengan kromatografi penukar ion ini, menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi eluen NaCl tidak terlalu berpengaruh, sehingga untuk analisis selanjutnya digunakan hanya satu konsentrasi eluen. Hasil regresi linear yang diperoleh yaitu sebesar 0,9946, hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa deret standar asam amino lisin mempunyai nilai yang linear karena mendekati 1. Kadar asam amino yang diperoleh pada sampel hasil hidrolisis LCPKS dengan HCl 6N yaitu sekitar 0 – 8,82 ppm dan sampel hasil hidrolisis enzim protease sekitar 0 – 4,31 ppm. Kadar asam amino yang diperoleh masih jauh dari yang diharapkan.Kata Kunci: Asam Amino, Minyak Kelapa Sawit, Limbah Cair, Kromatografi Penukar Io

The effectiveness of the combination of Dioscorea bulbifera L. extract and leri water as a bio-insecticide

Dioscorea bulbifera L. and leri water have the potential to control dry wood termites because they contain several compounds (flavonoids, alkaloids, chlorine, and tannins) that can eradicate termites and damage insect body cells. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the combination of D. bulbifera extract and leri water against Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light. The completely randomized design investigation employed three replications and nine treatments. In this study, only one test, namely the contact poison test, was applied. A variety of concentrations, a D. bulbifera extract source, and leri water were used as the treatment in this investigation. Termite mortality, test weight reduction, and the degree of damage were the parameters that were measured. The treatment significantly decreased the test's weight and the degree of damage. Still, it had no statistically significant impact on mortality, according to the DMRT test, at a substantial level of 5%. The results showed that the best mortality, test weight reduction, and degree of damage were found in the combination of stem (50%): leri water (50%), which were 62.22% (equal to corrected mortality of 45.16%), 8.34%, 16.47%, respectively. The combination of these extracts efficiently inhibits dry wood termites, according to this result