The changes of Auditory Evoked Potential (AEP) and EEG in the patients undergoing hemodialysis

AEP (Auditory Evoked Potential) and EEG were studied with 20 patients undergoing hemodialysis (dialyzed group, 41~65 y. o.), consisted of non-diabetic group (13 with chronic glomerulonephritis) and diabetic group (7 with diabetic nephropathy), comparing with those of 20 healthy subjects (normal group, 38~66 y. o.). EEGs containing AEPs evoked by click stimulation were recorded with 1024 msec of analysis time through the two derivations (3 CH : Cz→A1+2 and 6CH : Cz→T5). The group-mean AEPs were obtained with each group, and compared with each other, and then the differences of latencies and peak-to-peak amplitudes of the components were tested statistically between the groups. The EEGs were subjected to the quantitative frequency analysis. Correlation coefficients were tested statistically between the latencies, peak-to-peak amplitudes of AEP components and EEG power %, and between those and blood data. The following results were obtained. 1. The waveforms of group-mean AEP of normal group had hexaphasic contour, consisted of components P1~8 and N1~8, including the prominent negative peak N4 and positive peak P5, within 600 msec of latency. 2. The group-mean AEP of non-diabetic group had similar contour to that of normal group. Latencies of the components were significantly longer except for that of P5, and peak-to-peak amplitudes were mostly larger, than those of normal group. 3. The group-mean AEP of diabetic group had also similar contour to that of normal group, but the prominent negative peak was N3. Latencies of the components were significantly longer except for that of P5, and peak-to-peak amplitudes were smaller, than those of normal group. 4. The latencies of the diabetic group were significantly shorter, and the peak-to-peak amplitudes were also smaller, than those of non-diabetic group. 5. Quantitative frequency analysis of EEG resulted in significant decrease of α2 power% and increase of β1 power % in non-diabetic group, and significant decrease of β1 power % in diabetic group. 6. Positive correlation was found between δ power % of EEG and the latencies of long-latency components of AEP, and negative correlation between α1, α2, β2 power % and the latencies of middle-long-latency components. Between peak-to-peak amplitudes of AEP, negative correlation was found with δ power %, and positive correlation with β1 power %. 7. Between AEP-latencies, the positive correlation was found with Cr (creatinine) and K (potassium), negative correlation with P (phosphorus). Between AEP-amplitudes, positive correlation was found with BUN and P, and negative correlation with Cr and calcium. These results were considered to be attributed to the more prominent inhibition of GABA-inhibitory system in gray matter in non-diabetics, and to severe disturbances in both white and gray matter in diabetics, reflecting antagonistic influences from pathological condition between non-diabetics (uremia) and diabetic nephropathy

Somatosensory Evoked Potential (SEP) and EEG of patients undergoing hemodialysis

The SEP (Somatosensory Evoked Potential) and EEG were studied with 19 patients undergoing hemodialysis (dialyzed group, 41~65 y. o.), consisted of non-diabetic group (13 patients with chronic gromerulonephritis) and diabetic group (6 patients with diabetic nephropathy), comparing with those of 20 healthy subjects (normal group, 38~66 y. o.). EEGs containing SEPs evoked by median nerve stimulation were recorded with 1024 msec of analysis time through the two derivations (1CH : C3'→F3' and 4CH : C3'→A1+2). The group-mean SEPs were obtained with each group, and compared with each other, and then the differences of latencies and peak-to-peak amplitudes of the components were tested statistically between the groups. The EEGs were subjected to the quantitative frequency analysis. Correlation coefficients were tested between the latencies, peak-to-peak amplitudes and EEG power %, and between the latencies, peak-to-peak amplitudes and blood data. The following results were obtained. 1. The waveforms of group-mean SEP of normal group and non-diabetic group had hexaphasic contour, consisted of the components Pl~8, N1~8. But, in that of diabetic group the contour deteriorated at around the long latency components. 2. The latencies were longer in the ascending order normal group, non-diabetic group and diabetic group, and peak-to-peak amplitudes were larger in the ascending order diabetic group, normal group and non-diabetic group. 3. In the SEP of non-diabetic group, latencies were increased and amplitudes were decreased. 4. In the SEP of diabetic group, latencies were increased more than those of non-diabetic group, and amplitudes were decreased. 5. Quantitative frequency analysis of EEG, indicated decreased peak frequency of α waves in non-diabetic group, and decreased peak frequency of α waves and increased δ, θ waves in diabetic group, more than those in normal group. 6. The correlation coefficients of EEG power % between SEP-latencies indicated increased latencies due to decreased fast waves and increased slow waves, and those between SEP peak-to-peak amplitudes indicated increased amplitudes due to increased fast waves and decreased slow waves. 7. Between SEP-latencies, negative correlation was found with blood K, Ca, BUN, and positive correlation with dialyzed period (years), and between SEP-amplitudes, negative correlation with creatinin, Ca, hemogrobin, and positive correlation with BUN. These results were attributed to more marked disturbances of GABA-inhibitory system in gray matter together with white matter in non-diabetics, and to severe disturbances of the central nervous system in both of gray and white matter in diabetics

Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) and EEG in patients undergoing hemodialysis

The CNS (Central Nervous System) of 20 patients undergoing hemodialysis (dialyzed group, 38~65 y. o.) were studied by VEP (Visual Evoked Potential) comparing with 20 healthy subjects (normal group, 38~66 y. o.). The 20 patients were divided into non-diabetic group of 14 with chronic gromerulonephritis and diabetic group of 6 with diabetic nephropathy. EEGs containing VEPs evoked by flash stimuli once every 5 second were recorded by 100 sweeps with 1024 msec of analysis time, simultaneously through the two derivations (2CH : O1→A1+2 and 5CH : O1→Cz). The EEGs were subjected to the quantitative frequency analysis. These data of VEP were examined between these subject groups, with reference to the EEG and the blood data. The following results were obtained. 1 The waveforms of group mean VEP of normal group, dialyzed group and non-diabetic group had triphasic contour containing dominant components of N3, P6, N8 (2CH) or N3, P5, N8 (5CH), but that of diabetic group severely deteriorated and lost the contour. 2 In dialyzed group and non-diabetic group, latencies of early components (P1-P3) were longer and peak-to-peak amplitudes of late components were larger than those of normal group significantly. 3 Latencies of early components were longer in the ascending order normal group, non-diabetic group and diabetic group, and peak-to-peak amplitudes were smaller in the ascending order non-diabetic group, normal group and diabetic group. 4 Quantitative frequency analysis of EEG indicated that the peak frequency of α waves of dialyzed group and non-diabetic group were smaller, and θ power % of diabetic group were smaller than that of normal group. 5 From the correlation coefficients between the EEG power% and the latencies or the amplitudes of each compenent of VEP, δ power % correlated significantly with the latencies of middle and long latency components in 2CH and those of long latency in 5CH positively. β1 power % correlated significantly with peak-to-peak amplitude of long latency components in 5CH positively. 6 BUN and potassium correlated positively with latencies of early components. BUN correlated positively with peak-to-peak amplitudes. Hemoglobin correlated negatively with latencies. 7 These results indicte that the CNS of diabetic group was disturbed more severely than dialyzed group and non-diabetic group in VEP and EEG, and the inhibitory system (GABA) of optic center cortex related to late components was disturbed first

Steroids Production by Ovarian Non-functioning Tumors in Postmenopausal Women

Higher serum levels of estrone, estradiol, progesterone and testosterone were observed with a high incidence in patients with ovarian non-functioning tumors in postmenopausal women. Postsurgical decreases of the serum levels of steroids in cases who underwent complete removal of tumor were found in all cases only in estradiol, in some cases in other steroids. The difference of steroid serum levels between cases with tumor volume >1000 cm3 an

Achievements of KEKB

The machine commissioning of KEKB started in December 1998 and its operation was terminated at the end of June 2010 to upgrade KEKB to SuperKEKB. In this paper, we summarize the history of KEKB and show the achievements made there

Measurement of the B+/B0B^+/B^0 production ratio in e+e−e^+e^- collisions at the Υ(4S)\Upsilon(4S) resonance using B→J/ψ(ℓℓ)KB \rightarrow J/\psi(\ell\ell) K decays at Belle

We measure the ratio of branching fractions for the $\Upsilon (4S)$ decays to $B^+B^-$ and $B^0\bar{B}{}^0$ using $B^+ \rightarrow J/\psi(\ell\ell) K^+$ and $B^0 \rightarrow J/\psi(\ell\ell) K^0$ samples, where $J/\psi(\ell\ell)$ stands for $J/\psi \to \ell^+\ell^-$ ($\ell = e$ or $\mu$), with $711$ fb$^{-1}$ of data collected at the $\Upsilon(4S)$ resonance with the Belle detector. We find the decay rate ratio of $\Upsilon(4S) \rightarrow B^+B^-$ over $\Upsilon(4S) \rightarrow B^0\bar{B}{}^0$ to be $1.065\pm0.012\pm 0.019 \pm 0.047$, which is the most precise measurement to date. The first and second uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively, and the third uncertainty is systematic due to the assumption of isospin symmetry in $B \to J/\psi(\ell\ell) K$

Measurement of branching fractions of Λc+→pKS0KS0\Lambda_c^+\to{}pK_S^0K_S^0 and Λc+→pKS0η\Lambda_c^+\to{}pK_S^0\eta at Belle

We present a study of a singly Cabibbo-suppressed decay $\Lambda_c^+\to{}pK_S^0K_S^0$ and a Cabibbo-favored decay $\Lambda_c^+\to{}pK_S^0\eta$ based on 980 $\rm fb^{-1}$ of data collected by the Belle detector, operating at the KEKB energy-asymmetric $e^+e^-$ collider. We measure their branching fractions relative to $\Lambda_c^+\to{}pK_S^0$: $\mathcal{B}(\Lambda_c^+\to{}pK_S^0K_S^0)/\mathcal{B}(\Lambda_c^+\to{}pK_S^0)={(1.48 \pm 0.08 \pm 0.04)\times 10^{-2}}$ and $\mathcal{B}(\Lambda_c^+\to{}pK_S^0\eta)/\mathcal{B}(\Lambda_c^+\to{}pK_S^0)={(2.73\pm 0.06\pm 0.13)\times 10^{-1}}$. Combining with the world average $\mathcal{B}(\Lambda_c^+\to{}pK_S^0)$, we have the absolute branching fractions: $\mathcal{B}(\Lambda_c^+\to{}pK_S^0K_S^0) = {(2.35\pm 0.12\pm 0.07 \pm 0.12 )\times 10^{-4}}$ and $\mathcal{B}(\Lambda_c^+\to{}pK_S^0\eta) = {(4.35\pm 0.10\pm 0.20 \pm 0.22 )\times 10^{-3}}$. The first and second uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively, while the third ones arise from the uncertainty on $\mathcal{B}(\Lambda_c^+\to{}pK_S^0)$. The mode $\Lambda_c^+\to{}pK_S^0K_S^0$ is observed for the first time and has a statistical significance of $>\!10\sigma$. The branching fraction of $\Lambda_c^+\to{}pK_S^0\eta$ has been measured with a threefold improvement in precision over previous results and is found to be consistent with the world average