90 research outputs found

    Biodegradation of nonionic surfactants based on PEG in Pseudomonas mendocina VKM B-1729

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    Degradation of nonionic surfactants - acyl and alkyl derivatives of PEG - in bacterial cells of Pseudomonas mendocina VKM-1729 was studied. The key step of conversion of the compounds tested was their cleavage into hydrophobic and PEG (PEG) moieties. Aliphatic moieties of detergents were utilized by the bacteria; PEG was accumulated in the environment and then transformed into carboxy derivatives. Cleavage of acyl-PEG resulted from hydrolysis mediated by lipases and produced a fatty acid. An aliphatic aldehyde was a hydrophobic intermediate of cleavage of alkyl-PEG, and the reaction obviously included an oxidation step

    ΠšΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° основС ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²

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    Sequence classification problems often arise in such areas as bioinformatics and natural language processing. In the last few year best results in this field were achieved by the deep learning methods, especially by architectures based on recurrent neural networks (RNN). However, the common problem of such models is a lack of interpretability, i.e., extraction of key features from data that affect the most the model’s decision. Meanwhile, using of less complicated neural network leads to decreasing predictive performance thus limiting usage of state-of-art machine learning methods in many subject areas. In this work we propose a novel interpretable deep learning architecture based on extraction of principal sets of short substrings β€” sequence motifs. The presence of extracted motif in the input sequence is a marker for a certain class. The key component of proposed solution is differential alignment algorithm developed by us, which provides a smooth analog of classical string comparison methods such as Levenshtein edit distance, and Smith–Waterman local alignment. Unlike previous works devoted to the motif based classification, which used CNN for shift-invariant searching, ours model provide a way to shift and gap invariant extraction of motifs.Π—Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡ΠΈ, связанныС с классификациСй ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ символов Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π»Ρ„Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π°, часто Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ Π² Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… областях, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ° СстСствСнного языка. ΠœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ Π³Π»ΡƒΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ обучСния, Π² особСнности ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° основС Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΡƒΡ€Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… сСтСй, Π² послСдниС нСсколько Π»Π΅Ρ‚ Π·Π°Ρ€Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ сСбя ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ эффСктивный способ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡. Однако ΡΡƒΡ‰Π΅ΡΡ‚Π²ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡŽΡ‚ ΡΠ΅Ρ€ΡŒΠ΅Π·Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ нСдостаток β€” Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΡƒΡŽ ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»ΡŒΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ². ΠšΡ€Π°ΠΉΠ½Π΅ слоТно ΡƒΡΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ свойства Π²Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ отвСтствСнны Π·Π° Π΅Ρ‘ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ классу. Π£ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ‰Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ с Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ… интСрпрСтируСмости, Π² свою ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΡŒ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ ΠΊ сниТСнию качСства классификации. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ нСдостатки ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ соврСмСнных ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² машинного обучСния Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… областях. Π’ настоящСй Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ ΠΌΡ‹ прСдставляСм ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡƒΡŽ, ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡƒΡŽ Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΡƒΡ€Ρƒ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡ€ΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… сСтСй, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π½Π° поискС Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ€Π° ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ β€” ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ², Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… влияСт Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ классу. ΠšΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ являСтся Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ выравнивания, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡ„Ρ„Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹ΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΌ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… классичСских способов сравнСния строк, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ расстояниС Π›Π΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡˆΡ‚Π΅ΠΉΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΠΌ Бмита–ВатСрмана. Π’ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Ρ‹Π΄ΡƒΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚, посвящСнных классификации ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° основС ΠΌΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ², Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ позволяСт Π½Π΅ Ρ‚ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠΊΠΎ Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ поиск Π² ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ части строки, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ вставки

    Perkov reaction in series of mixed bis(1,1,3-trihydroperfluoropropyl) alkyl phosphites

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    Mixed bis(1,1,3-trihydroperfluoropropyl) alkyl phosphites react under mild conditions with chloral to simultaneously give stable phosphoranes with a P-C bond and vinyl phosphates. Β© 1983 Plenum Publishing Corporation

    Fluoroalkoxy-derivatives of trivalent phosphorus: Synthesis and reactivity

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    The review surveys and gives a systematic account of the electronic structures, syntheses, and chemical properties of fluoroalkyl derivatives of trivalent phosphorus (phosphites, thiophosphites, and amidophophites). The methods of preparation and reactivities of fluoroalkyl phosphites are compared with those of unsubstituted phosphites. The bibliography includes 420 references. Β© 1996 Russian Academy of Sciences and Turpion Ltd

    Pentaalkoxyphosphoranes in the reactions of alkylene(1,1,3-trihydroperfluoropropyl) phosphites with chloral and bromal

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    For the first time, stable pentaalkoxyspirophosphoranes were isolated in addition to phosphoranes with P-C bond in the reactions of alkylene-(1,1,3-trihydroperfluoropropyl)phosphites with chloral or bromal. Β© 1987 Plenum Publishing Corporation

    Π₯ирургичСскиС ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ стабилизации Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ мноТСствСнных ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π±Π΅Ρ€

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    Closed chest injury occupies one of the leading places among all injuries. Rib fractures can lead to the formation of floating fragments of the chest wall, the β€œcostal valve”. With multiple rib fractures, surgical methods of chest stabilization have been used since the beginning of the 20th century, which have become more popular in recent decades. Β Surgical treatment can significantly reduce pain, accelerate the recovery of respiratory function. In turn, a decrease in pain reduces the incidence of pneumonia, the need for mechanical ventilation and tracheostomy, and the period of hospitalization. There are four main surgical methods of treatment: 1) chest traction methods; 2) external fixation devices; 3) methods of permanent internal fixation; 4) plate osteosynthesis. We also separated the group of techniques performed via thoracoscopic access and the technique using biodegradable materials. Surgical options in the treatment of patients with multiple rib fractures have not been exhausted and are likely to improve with advances in technology. Закрытая Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π²ΠΌΠ° Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… мСст срСди всСх ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ Ρ€Π΅Π±Π΅Ρ€ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΊ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ Ρ„Π»ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ стСнки β€” Β«Ρ€Π΅Π±Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ΡƒΒ». ΠŸΡ€ΠΈ мноТСствСнных ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ… Ρ€Π΅Π±Π΅Ρ€ с Π½Π°Ρ‡Π°Π»Π° Π₯Π₯ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° использовались хирургичСскиС ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ стабилизации Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ Π² послСдниС дСсятилСтия стали Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ популярными. Β Π₯ирургичСскоС Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ позволяСт Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΡƒΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡŒΡˆΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ синдром, ΡƒΡΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ восстановлСниС рСспираторной Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌ самым ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ частоту развития ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π² искусствСнной вСнтиляции Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΈ трахСо­стомии ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ нахоТдСния Π² стационарС. Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅ основныС хирургичСскиС ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ лСчСния, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅: 1) Ρ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΡŽ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΈ; 2) Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹ внСшнСй фиксации; 3) ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡƒΡŽ Π²Π½ΡƒΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π½Π½ΡŽΡŽ Ρ„ΠΈΠΊΡΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ; 4) накостный остСосинтСз пластинами. Π’ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ исслСдовании Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°, осущСствляСмая Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· торакоскопичСский доступ, ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠΎΡ€Π°Π·Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹. Π₯ирургичСскиС возмоТности Π² Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² со мноТСствСнными ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π±Π΅Ρ€ Π½Π΅ исчСрпаны ΠΈ, вСроятно, Π±ΡƒΠ΄ΡƒΡ‚ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ достиТСний Π² тСхнологичСской сфСрС.

    Reactions of triphenyl phosphite with di- and tribromoacetaldehydes

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    The reaction of triphenyl phosphite and di- and tribromoacetaldehydes proceeds through initial halophilic attack with subsequent formation of triphenyl phosphate and tetraphenylphosphonium bromide. Β© 1989 Plenum Publishing Corporation

    Tris(fluoroalkoxy)methylphosphonium salts in the synthesis of methylphosphoranes

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    The reactions of phosphites containing electron-withdrawing fluoroalkyl groups with methyl triflate gave tris(fluoroalkoxy)methylphosphonium triflates, which react with alcohols to give either tetrakis(fluoroalkoxy)methylphosphoranes (in the case of fluoroalcohols) or alkylation products - ethers and bis(fluoroalkoxy)methylphosphonates (in the case of unsubstituted alcohols). The structures of the phosphonium salts and phosphoranes were supported by1H and31P NMR spectroscopy. Β© 1991 Plenum Publishing Corporation

    Reaction of 2-tert-butoxy-4,5-benzo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane with tribromoacetaldehyde

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    The reaction of 2-tert-butoxy-4,5-benzo-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane with tribromo-acetaldehyde proceeds by initial halophilic attack on the bromine atom, leading to a product with retention of the P-Br bond (pyrocatechol bromophosphate) and an anion exchange product (pyrocatechol dibromovinylphosphate), and by initial attack at the carbon atom of the C=O group, which is accompanied by the elimination of isobutylene to form an Ξ±-hydroxyphosphonate. Β© 1990 Plenum Publishing Corporation

    Synthesis of 1,4,2-dioxaphosphepanes by the reaction of 2-fluoroalkoxy-4-oxo-5,6-benzo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes with chloral

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    The reaction of 2-fluoroalkoxy-5,6-benzo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes with chloral leads to the formation of ring expansion products with a P-C bond, namely, 2-fluoroalkoxy-2,5-dioxo-3-trichloromethyl-6,7-benzo-1,4,2-dioxaphosphepanes with high stereoselectivity. Β© 1992 Plenum Publishing Corporation
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