Concentrate supplementation on milk yield, methane and CO2 production in crossbred dairy cows grazing in tropical climate regions

The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of concentrate supplementation on the production and chemical composition of milk from 12 crossbred F1 dual-purpose cows ( Bos taurus – Bos indicus) and estimate the emission of CH4, N2O, and CO2 gases. The study included 12 crossbred F1 dual-purpose cows over 60 days of lactation. The cows grazed on 28% tropical native grassland and 72% Brachiaria spp. and Cynodon neumfluensis, supplemented with 0, 150, 300, and 450g of concentrate per kg daily milk production, during three experimental periods of 15 days each in a crossover design. Pasture and concentrate samples were collected and were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber. Milk production (kg d-1) was recorded daily, nitrous oxide (N2O), and emissions from excreta and daily CH4 production were calculated. Results were analyzed with the SAS MIXED procedure. Concentrate supplementation in tropical crossbred dairy cows did not improve milk yield but increased CH4 and N2O production (P < 0.0001) per cow as the concentrate increased in the diet; the Ym factor from the tropical region yielded less CH4 than the IPCC Ym model (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, the calculation of CH4 using specific emission factors for the tropical climate region is better than the IPCC default emission factors in order not to overestimate the CH4 emissions

Identificación de indicadores de impacto en un programa de gobierno y modos de vida rurales

Se realizó un estudio para identificar y apreciar posibles indicadores que complementen formas de evaluación externas a programas oficiales de intervención agropecuaria. Se tomó como estudio de caso el subprograma local "Apoyo a Proyectos de Inversión Rural" (PAPIR) de Desarrollo Rural de la Alianza Contigo. Se trabajó con un enfoque participativo con investigadores y personas beneficiarias del programa en el año 2004 en Villa Victoria, Estado de México. Se emplearon métodos de carácter cuantitativo y cualitativo considerando como enfoque a los modos de vida sustentables con el fin de interpretar los resultados desde un punto de vista amplio. Se concluyó que no existe suficiente evidencia para comprobar la operatividad funcional de las normas de operación oficiales, existe una tendencia del fomento al desarrollo rural mediante un enfoque territorial con una visión productiva. Los resultados denotan la presencia de indicadores sociales, económicos y ambientales consolidados y otros que interactúan entre sí, que no han sido considerados por la burocracia al determinar cómo evaluar el impacto del PAPIR. Se encontró que el tipo de apoyos otorgados no genera cambio alguno en el bienestar económico ni en el modo de vida de los beneficiarios

Partitioning of gross energy intake and metabolizable energy supply in bovines F1

Se estima la particion de la energ a bruta consumida (EBi) por novillonas, la densidad energ tica y metabolicidad de la dieta (qm), y el factor de partici n de la energ a hacia metano (Ym), por la t cnica de c maras de respiraci n de circuito abierto. Se utilizaron cuatro novillonas de 206 39.7 kg de peso vivo y 12 0.93 meses de edad; distribuidas en un dise o completamente al azar y dos dietas: dieta A con 74% de ensilado de ma z + 26% de concentrado y dieta B con 100% de ensilado de ma z. Se utiliz una prueba de t para el an lisis de resultados. El consumo de materia seca (CMS), digestibilidad, factor Ym y el rendimiento de metano g kg 1 de CMS, para ambas dietas fue diferente (P < 0.05). Se logr estimar la particion de la EBi, la densidad energetica y los factores Ym y qm de la diet

Evaluación bacteriana de queso artesanal Zacazonapan madurado bajo condiciones no controladas en dos épocas de producción

Traditional Zacazonapan cheeses have unique organoleptic characteristics and are characterized by being linked to the territory of origin. In the maturation process, there are many interactive variables that are responsible for physical, chemical, biological and structural changes. In order to evaluate the bacteriological evolution of artisanal cheeses during their maturation under non-controlled conditions in two production periods, samples of raw milk and cheese were collected at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 150 d of maturation. The presence of molds and yeasts (MaY), mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB), Staphylococcus spp. (Staph), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), Salmonella spp. (Salm) and Listeria spp. (List) was determined. The average microbial load was 9.68, 9.38, 8.55 and 8.10 log10 CFU/g of cheese for MaY, MAB, Staph and TC respectively, as well as 2.68 log10 MPN/g of cheese for FC. Salm was not detected but List was. The microbiological evolution of Zacazonapan matured cheese had counts that exceed the maximum levels of the Official Mexican Standard 243 SSA1 2010.Los quesos tradicionales Zacazonapan tienen características organolépticas únicas y se caracterizan por estar vinculados al territorio de origen. En el proceso de maduración se tienen numerosas variables interactivas que son responsables de los cambios físicos, químicos, biológicos y estructurales. Con el objetivo de evaluar la evolución bacteriológica de quesos artesanales durante su maduración bajo condiciones no controladas en dos épocas de producción, se colectaron muestras de leche cruda y de queso a los 0, 30, 60, 120 y 150 días de maduración. Se determinó la presencia de mohos y levaduras (MyL), bacterias mesófilas aerobias (BMA), Staphylococcus spp. (Staph), coliformes totales (CT), coliformes fecales (CF), Salmonella spp. (Salm) y Listeria spp. (List). La carga microbiana promedio fue 9.68, 9.38, 8.55 y 8.10 log10 UFC/g de queso para MyH, BMA, Staph y CT respectivamente, así como 2.68 log10 NMP/g de queso para CF. No se detectó Salm pero si List. La evolución microbiológica del queso madurado Zacazonapan presentó conteos que superan los niveles máximos de la Norma Oficial Mexicana 243 SSA1 2010

Avaliação do efeito de Cymbopogon citratus no consumo, digestibilidade, emissão de metano e partição de energia em bovinos em crescimento

Methane (CH4) produced by enteric fermentation in cattle is of utmost importance as it contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. This gas is a product of the fermentation that feed undergoes in the rumen, resulting in an energy loss for the animal. So, reducing CH4 production would lead to a more efficient use of the gross energy ingested, which could be used to transform it into meat or milk and would also reduce CH4 emissions into the environment. There are several CH4 mitigation strategies, such as the addition of plants with a high concentration of secondary metabolites, like Cymbopogon citratus (CC). Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate increasing levels of CC on dry matter intake (DM), nutrient digestibility (DIG), CH4 production and partition of gross energy intake in growing cattle fed a high forage diet (68.6% forage: 31.4% concentrate). Four heifers (¾ Holstein × ¼ Charolais) with an average initial live weight of 225 ± 64 kg distributed in a 4×4 Latin square design was used. The experimental treatments were: 1) control diet (CO); 2) CO + 30 g CC DM/d; 3) CO + 60 g CC DM/d and 4) CO + 90 g CC DM/d. A 22.4 % and 21.2 % reduction in CH4 yield (CH4 g/kg DMI) and Ym factor respectively was observed with the 30 CC treatment compared to CO (P ≤ 0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed for means related with DMI, DIG and partition of gross energy intake (P &gt; 0.05). It is concluded that supplementation with 30 g CC DM/d reduces CH4 yield without affecting animal performance.El metano (CH4) producido por fermentación entérica de los bovinos es de suma relevancia ya que contribuye a las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Este gas es un producto final de la fermentación que sufren los alimentos en el rumen, resultando en una pérdida energética para el animal. Disminuir la producción de CH4 conllevaría a hacer un uso más eficiente de la energía bruta ingerida que podría ser aprovechada para ser transformada en carne o leche, y además se reducirían las emisiones de CH4 hacia el medio ambiente. Existen diversas estrategias de mitigación de CH4, como la adición de plantas con alta concentración de metabolitos secundarios, como Cymbopogon citratus (CC). Es por lo anterior, que el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar niveles crecientes de CC sobre el consumo de materia seca (CMS), digestibilidad de nutrientes (DIG), producción de CH4 y partición de la energía bruta consumida en ganado bovino en crecimiento alimentado con una dieta alta en forraje (68.6% forraje: 31.4% concentrado). Se utilizaron cuatro becerras (¾ Holstein × ¼ Charoláis) con un peso vivo inicial promedio de 225 ± 64 kg distribuidos en un diseño de cuadrado latino 4×4. Los tratamientos experimentales fueron: 1) dieta control (CO); 2) CO + 30 g CC MS/d; 3) CO + 60 g CC MS/d y 4) CO + 90 g CC MS/d. Se observó una reducción del 22.4 % y 21.2 % en el rendimiento de CH4 (CH4 g/kg CMS) y factor Ym, respectivamente, con el tratamiento 30 CC comparado con CO (P ≤ 0.05). No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para las medias relacionadas con el CMS, DIG y partición de la energía bruta consumida (P &gt; 0.05). Se concluye que la suplementación con 30 g CC MS/d reduce el rendimiento de CH4 sin afectar el desempeño productivo animal.O metano (CH4) produzido pela fermentação entérica de bovinos é de extrema relevância, pois contribui para a emissão de gases de efeito estufa. Reduzir a produção de CH4 levaria a um uso mais eficiente da energia bruta ingerida (EBi), aumentando a produtividade animal e também reduzindo as emissões de CH4 no meio ambiente. Entre as estratégias de mitigação de CH4 está a adição de plantas como Cymbopogon citratus (CC) com alta concentração de metabólitos secundários como taninos condensados. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar níveis crescentes de CC sobre o consumo de matéria seca (CMS), digestibilidade dos nutrientes (DIG), produção de CH4 e partição de EBi em bovinos em crescimento alimentados com uma dieta de 68,6% de forragem + 31,4% de concentrado. Foram utilizados quatro bezerros (¾ Holandês × ¼ Charoláis) com peso vivo inicial de 225 ± 64 kg distribuídos em quadrado latino 4 × 4. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: 1) dieta controle (CO); 2) CO + 30 g CC MS/d; 3) CO + 60 g CC MS/d e 4) CO + 90 g CC MS/d. Cada período experimental consistiu em 25 dias de adaptação ao tratamento e oito dias de amostragem, sendo os últimos três dias dedicados à quantificação da emissão de CH4 em câmaras de respiração de circuito aberto. Uma redução de 22,4% e 21,2% no rendimento de CH4 (CH4 g/kg CMS) e fator Ym, respectivamente, foi observada com o tratamento de 30 CC em comparação com CO (P&lt;0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças para a partição CMS, DIG e EBi (P &gt; 0,05). Conclui-se que a suplementação com 30 g CC MS/d reduz o rendimento de CH4 sem afetar o desempenho produtivo animal, com o mesmo ganho de peso para todos os tratamentos (P &gt; 0,05)

Effect of Increasing Supplementation Levels of Coffee Pulp on Milk Yield and Food Intake in Dual-Purpose Cows: An Alternative Feed Byproduct for Smallholder Dairy Systems of Tropical Climate Regions

Se presenta el artículo en texto completoCoffee is one of the main traded commodities worldwide, unfortunately, it generates massive amounts of by-products like coffee pulp (CoP), which could be utilized as an alternative feedstuff for cattle contributing to mitigate coffee production environmental damage. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of CoP supplementation on milk production, milk composition, and grass dry matter intake (GDMI) by dual-purpose tropical cows. A 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design was conducted, where four multiparous dual-purpose Holstein x Cebu cows with an average live weight of 477 ± 7 kg and milk yield of 12.1 ± 2.7 kg/d were used. The cows grazed 10 h/d on a Cynodon plectostachius sward with a stocking rate of three cows/ha. All cows received 6 kg/d DM of an experimental concentrate (EC), and the treatments consisted of four supplementation levels of CoP: T1 = 0, T2 = 0.6, T3 = 0.9, and T4 = 1.2 kg DM/d, which was provided on top of the concentrate and mixed with the EC. Grass intake was determined by the n-alkanes technique. A significant difference was observed for the average total daily DM intake (p 0.05) were observed for milk yield, milk composition, body weight, and GDMI for all the inclusion levels of CoP. It was concluded that CoP can be included at levels of 0.6 to 0.9 kg DM/d in the diets of cows without compromising milk yield or GDMI.This research was funded by the ICAMEX-Estado de México under grant number 15-2005- 0724 and the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México under grant number 1873/2009C