13 research outputs found

    Kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of the interactions between the components of human plasma kinin-forming system and isolated and purified cell wall proteins of Candida albicans

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    Cell wall proteins of Candida albicans, besides their best known role in the adhesion of this fungal pathogen to host's tissues, also bind some soluble proteins, present in body fluids and involved in maintaining the biochemical homeostasis of the human organism. In particular, three plasma factors - high-molecular-mass kininogen (HK), factor XII (FXII) and prekallikrein (PPK) - have been shown to adhere to candidal cells. These proteins are involved in the surface-contact-catalyzed production of bradykinin-related peptides (kinins) that contribute to inflammatory states associated with microbial infections. We recently identified several proteins, associated with the candidal cell walls, and probably involved in the binding of HK. In our present study, a list of potential FXII- and PPK-binding proteins was proposed, using an affinity selection (on agarose-coupled FXII or PPK) from a whole mixture of 尾-1,3-glucanase-extrated cell wall-associated proteins and the mass-spectrometry protein identification. Five of these fungal proteins, including agglutinin-like sequence protein 3 (Als3), triosephosphate isomerase 1 (Tpi1), enolase 1 (Eno1), phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (Gpm1) and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase 1 (Gpi1), were purified and characterized in terms of affinities to the human contact factors, using the surface plasmon resonance measurements. Except Gpm1 that bound only PPK, and Als3 that exhibited an affinity to HK and FXII, the other isolated proteins interacted with all three contact factors. The determined dissociation constants for the identified protein complexes were of 10-7 M order, and the association rate constants were in a range of 104-105 M-1s-1. The identified fungal pathogen-host protein interactions are potential targets for novel anticandidal therapeutic approaches

    Aspartic proteases and major cell wall components in Candida albicans trigger the release of neutrophil extracellular traps

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    Neutrophils use different mechanisms to cope with pathogens that invade the host organism. The most intriguing of these responses is a release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of decondensed chromatin and granular proteins with antimicrobial activity. An important potential target of NETs is Candida albicans鈥攁n opportunistic fungal pathogen that employs morphological and phenotype switches and biofilm formation during contact with neutrophils, accompanied by changes in epitope exposition that mask the pathogen from host recognition. These processes differ depending on infection conditions and are thus influenced by the surrounding environment. In the current study, we compared the NET release by neutrophils upon contact with purified main candidal cell surface components. We show here for the first time that in addition to the main cell wall-building polysaccharides (mannans and 尾-glucans), secreted aspartic proteases (Saps) trigger NETs with variable intensities. The most efficient NET-releasing response is with Sap4 and Sap6, which are known to be secreted by fungal hyphae. This involves mixed, ROS-dependent and ROS-independent signaling pathways, mainly through interactions with the CD11b receptor. In comparison, upon contact with the cell wall-bound Sap9 and Sap10, neutrophils responded via a ROS-dependent mechanism using CD16 and CD18 receptors for protease recognition. In addition to the Saps tested, the actuation of selected mediating kinases (Src, Syk, PI3K, and ERK) was also investigated. 尾-Glucans were found to trigger a ROS-dependent process of NET production with engagement of Dectin-1 as well as CD11b and CD18 receptors. Mannans were observed to be recognized by TLRs, CD14, and Dectin-1 receptors and triggered NET release mainly via a ROS-independent pathway. Our results thus strongly suggest that neutrophils activate NET production in response to different candidal components that are presented locally at low concentrations at the initial stages of infection. However, NET release seemed to be blocked by increasing numbers of fungal cells

    Alloimmunizacja u chorych na niedokrwisto艣膰 autoimmunohemolityczn膮 oraz genotypowanie krwinek czerwonych w celu udoskonalenia doboru krwi do przetocze艅

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    Wst臋p: Autoprzeciwcia艂a typu ciep艂ego wyst臋puj膮ce w surowicy chorych na niedokrwisto艣膰 autoimmunohemolityczn膮 powoduj膮 niezgodno艣膰 w pr贸bie zgodno艣ci i utrudniaj膮 wykrycie klinicznie istotnych alloprzeciwcia艂, stwarzaj膮c ryzyko hemolitycznego powik艂ania poprzetoczeniowego. Dob贸r krwi do przetoczenia dla tych chorych wymaga szczeg贸lnych procedur dla wi臋kszego bezpiecze艅stwa transfuzji. Materia艂 i metody: Analizowano cz臋sto艣膰 alloimmunizacji u 163 chorych z NAIH (155 z autoprzeciwcia艂ami typu ciep艂ego, 8 typu mieszanego). U wszystkich chorych okre艣lano fenotyp w antygenach Rh, K, konieczny dla doboru krwi do przetoczenia, a u 53 spo艣r贸d nich, badano ponadto fenotyp Kidd, Duffy, S, s, k jak r贸wnie偶 stosowano metod臋 genotypowania krwinek czerwonych. Wyniki: Alloprzeciwcia艂a istotne klinicznie wykryto u 31 chorych (19%). 艁膮cznie zidentyfikowano 42 przeciwcia艂a o r贸偶nej swoisto艣ci (u 7 chorych wyst臋powa艂y przeciwcia艂a o dw贸ch lub wi臋cej swoisto艣ciach) z uk艂ad贸w grupowych: Rh, Kell, Kidd, Duffy, MNS i LW. U 14 chorych z alloprzeciwcia艂ami, wykrycie ich wymaga艂o uprzedniego wyadsorbowania autoprzeciwcia艂 z surowicy metod膮 auto- lub alloadsorpcji. W grupie 53 chorych, fenotyp Rh, K, Kidd i S uda艂o si臋 okre艣li膰 u 37 (70%) w testach serologicznych, za艣 fenotyp rozszerzony o antygeny Duffy, s i k, tylko u 9 chorych (17%). Wyniki fenotypowania by艂y zgodne z oznaczeniami genetycznymi. U pozosta艂ych chorych o rozszerzonym fenotypie wnioskowano na podstawie genotypowania, poniewa偶 wyniki serologiczne nie by艂y miarodajne - dwie populacje krwinek (przetoczenia krwi w ostatnich 3 miesi膮cach) lub/i autoaglutynacja krwinek chorego. Wnioski: Wprowadzenie metod genotypowania obok metod fenotypowania okaza艂o si臋 konieczne dla ustalenia rozszerzonego fenotypu krwinek czerwonych u chorych z NAIH. Badania te usprawniaj膮 dob贸r krwi do przetaczania i zwi臋kszaj膮 bezpiecze艅stwo transfuzji.Background: The presence of warm autoantibodies in the sera of patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia are the cause of incompatibility in the compatibility test, which produces difficulties in the detection of clinically significant alloantibodies thus generating the risk of haemolytic transfusion reactions. For such patients the selection of red cells for transfusion requires special procedures to ensure safety. Material and methods:Alloimmunization was analyzed in 163 AIHA patients (155 with warm type and 8 with mixed type of autoantibodies). In all patients, red cell phenotyping for Rh, K, was performed prior to transfusion and in 53 of them, red cells were phenotyped additionally in Kidd, Duffy, S, s, k with genotyping as well. Results: Clinically significant alloantibodies were found in 31 patients (19%). In all, 42 antibodies of different specificities were identified (in 7 cases we detected antibodies with two or more specificities) within the following blood group systems: Rh, Kell, Kidd, Duffy, MNS and LW. In 14 of the alloimmunized patients, auto- or alloadsorption was required for alloantibody detection. In the group of 53 patients, phenotyping of Rh, K, Kidd and S antigens was successful in 37 patients (70%) with serological tests only, whereas the extended phenotype for Duffy, s, k antigens was successful only in 9 patients (17%). In each case, the genotype results were consistent with the phenotype. In the remaining patients, the results of extended phenotyping with serological method proved unreliable, due either to mixed-field reactions (after recent transfusion < 3 months) or autoagglutination. Genotyping was useful for predicting the phenotype in such cases. Conclusions: In addition to phenotyping, genotyping of red cells is necessary for establishing the extended phenotype in AIHA patients. Such procedure is important for blood transfusion safety

    Okre艣lenie zapotrzebowania na prace scalenia grunt贸w we wsiach o wst臋gowym uk艂adzie grunt贸w

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    In the European Union, the restructuring of rural areas based on the consolidation process is a common activity, and therefore Poland鈥檚 membership in the EU has enabled the development of these zones through financial support for the analysed activities. The development of agriculture in Poland, as well as its production capabilities, are spatially very diverse. One of the reasons for this is the process of long-term transformations of the agricultural economy in areas with a different socio-economic situation, lasting for many years. Land consolidation works are aimed at creating more favourable farming conditions in agriculture and forestry by improving the area structure of farms, forests and forest lands, rational land layout, adapting property borders to the land drainage system, roads and land relief. The research was carried out in the rural commune of 呕arn贸w, located in the Opoczno poviat, in the 艁贸d藕 voivodship, which included 41 registration precincts with a total area of 14,106.0 hectares. In order to create a ranking of urgency of performed land consolidation and exchange works in the 呕arn贸w commune, 32 most important factors characterizing individual villages were used previously. A ranking was made using the zero unitarisation and Hellwig鈥檚 methods. The article is a continuation of research, where the authors identified spatial and technical parameters of agricultural land in the villages of Central Poland on the example of the examined commune.W krajach Unii Europejskiej restrukturyzacja obszar贸w wiejskich na bazie procesu scaleniowego jest dzia艂aniem powszechnym, a zatem cz艂onkostwo Polski w UE umo偶liwi艂o rozw贸j tych stref poprzez finansowe wsparcie analizowanych dzia艂a艅. Rozw贸j rolnictwa w Polsce, a tak偶e jego mo偶liwo艣ci produkcyjne, s膮 przestrzennie bardzo zr贸偶nicowane. Jednym z powod贸w takiej sytuacji jest proces d艂ugotrwa艂ych przekszta艂ce艅 gospodarki rolnej na obszarach o odmiennej sytuacji spo艂eczno-gospodarczej, trwaj膮cych od wielu lat. Prace scalenia grunt贸w maja na celu tworzenie korzystniejszych warunk贸w gospodarowania w rolnictwie i le艣nictwie poprzez popraw臋 struktury obszarowej gospodarstw rolnych, las贸w i grunt贸w le艣nych, racjonalne ukszta艂towanie roz艂og贸w grunt贸w, dostosowanie granic nieruchomo艣ci do systemu melioracji wodnych, dr贸g oraz rze藕by terenu. Badania przeprowadzono na terenie gminy wiejskiej 呕arn贸w, po艂o偶onej w powiecie opoczy艅skim, w wojew贸dztwie 艂贸dzkim, w sk艂ad kt贸rej wchodzi艂o 41 obr臋b贸w ewidencyjnych o 艂膮cznej powierzchni 14106,0 hektar贸w. W celu stworzenia rankingu pilno艣ci wykonywanych prac scalenia i wymiany grunt贸w w gminie 呕arn贸w, wykorzystano opracowane wcze艣niej 32 najistotniejsze czynniki charakteryzuj膮ce poszczeg贸lne miejscowo艣ci. Dokonano opracowania rankingu, do kt贸rego wykorzystano metody unitaryzacji zerowej oraz Hellwiga. Artyku艂 jest kontynuacja bada艅, gdzie autorzy dokonali identyfikacji parametr贸w przestrzenno-technicznych grunt贸w rolnych we wsiach Polski centralnej na przyk艂adzie badanej gminy

    Identyfikacja parametr贸w przestrzenno-technicznych grunt贸w rolnych we wst臋gowym uk艂adzie grunt贸w

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    Each developed area in which there are various objects is characterized by specific structures that together form a broadly understood spatial structure. It covers spatial and natural objects as well as those resulting from human activities. Unfortunately, the spatial structure of the Polish countryside seems to be increasingly unfavourable. Rural areas in different regions of Poland are characterized by different spatial parameters. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out detailed research and analysis enabling the selection of appropriate factors describing the area under study in terms of determining the urgency of undertaking comprehensive land consolidation and exchange works, as rural areas in Poland need deep structural changes related to agricultural production, farm size, shaping land layout, demographic, spatial and institutional structure. The selection of factors describing the examined villages was made on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the natural, social and economic conditions of the villages on the basis of data obtained from the Land and Property Register of the County Office in Opoczno and data from the 呕arn贸w commune. The research results will allow the selection of the most important factors characterizing the spatial structure of the research area. The purpose of the paper is to identify the spatial and technical parameters of agricultural lands in the villages of Central Poland on the example of the 呕arn贸w commune, which will be the starting point for determining the needs of land consolidation works in 41 villages of the 呕arn贸w commune, located in the Opoczno poviat, the 艁贸d藕 voivodship.Ka偶dy zagospodarowany obszar, na kt贸rym wyst臋puj膮 r贸偶norodne obiekty charakteryzuje si臋 okre艣lonymi strukturami, kt贸re 艂膮cznie tworz膮 szeroko poj臋t膮 struktur臋 przestrzenn膮. Swym zasi臋giem obejmuje ona obiekty przestrzenne, przyrodnicze i te, kt贸re powsta艂y na skutek dzia艂alno艣ci ludzkiej. Niestety struktura przestrzenna polskiej wsi wydaje si臋 by膰 coraz to bardziej niekorzystna. Obszary wiejskie w r贸偶nych regionach Polski charakteryzuje si臋 odmiennymi parametrami przestrzennymi. Dlatego te偶 koniecznym jest przeprowadzenie szczeg贸艂owych bada艅 i analiz pozwalaj膮cych na dob贸r odpowiednich czynnik贸w opisuj膮cych badanych obszar pod k膮tem okre艣lenia potrzeb pilno艣ci podejmowania kompleksowych prac scalenia i wymiany grunt贸w, gdy偶 obszary wiejskie w Polsce potrzebuj膮 g艂臋bokich zmian strukturalnych, zwi膮zanych zar贸wno z produkcj膮 roln膮, jak i wielko艣ci膮 gospodarstw, ukszta艂towaniem ich roz艂og贸w, struktur膮 demograficzn膮, przestrzenn膮 i instytucjonaln膮. Wyboru czynnik贸w opisuj膮cych badane wsie dokonano na podstawie przeprowadzonej kompleksowej analizy warunk贸w przyrodniczych, spo艂ecznych, gospodarczych i ekonomicznych wsi na podstawie danych pozyskanych ze Ewidencji Grunt贸w i Budynk贸w Starostwa Powiatowego w Opocznie oraz danych z Gminy 呕arn贸w. Wyniki bada艅 pozwol膮 na wytypowanie najistotniejszych czynnik贸w charakteryzuj膮cych struktur臋 przestrzenn膮 obszaru bada艅. Celem artyku艂 jest identyfikacja parametr贸w przestrzenno-technicznych grunt贸w rolnych we wsiach Polski centralnej na przyk艂adzie gminy 呕arn贸w, kt贸re b臋d膮 stanowi艂y baz臋 wyj艣ciowa do okre艣lenia potrzeb wykonywania prac scalenia grunt贸w w 41 wsiach gminy 呕arn贸w, po艂o偶onej w powiecie opoczy艅skim, wojew贸dztwo 艂贸dzkie

    Krakowskie Studia Mi臋dzynarodowe nr 4, 2010 (Wyzwania bezpiecze艅stwa, integracji europejskiej oraz wsp贸艂pracy mi臋dzynarodowej w XXI w.)

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    Autorzy w swoich rozwa偶aniach skupili si臋 m.in. na wymiarze globalnym i regionalnym proces贸w polityczno-prawnych, spo艂eczno-gospodarczych i militarnych w uj臋ciu zar贸wno historycznym, jak i wsp贸艂czesnym. Om贸wili tak偶e strategie pa艅stw, za艂o偶enia doktrynalne partii i ruch贸w politycznych. Zaakcentowali rol臋 instytucji i organizacji mi臋dzynarodowych w dzia艂aniach na rzecz bezpiecze艅stwa i wsp贸艂pracy mi臋dzynarodowej

    Characterization of the interactions between human high-molecular-mass kininogen and cell wall proteins of pathogenic yeasts Candida tropicalis

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    Candida tropicalis is one of the most frequent causes of serious disseminated candidiasis in human patients infected by non-albicans Candida species, but still relatively little is known about its virulence mechanisms. In our current study, the interactions between the cell surface of this species and a multifunctional human protein - high-molecular-mass kininogen (HK), an important component of the plasma contact system involved in the development of the inflammatory state - were characterized at the molecular level. The quick release of biologically active kinins from candidal cell wall-adsorbed HK was presented and the HK-binding ability was assigned to several cell wall-associated proteins. The predicted hyphally regulated cell wall protein (Hyr) and some housekeeping enzymes exposed at the cell surface (known as "moonlighting proteins") were found to be the major HK binders. Accordingly, after purification of selected proteins, the dissociation constants of the complexes of HK with Hyr, enolase, and phosphoglycerate mutase were determined using surface plasmon resonance measurements, yielding the values of 2.20 脳 10-7 M, 1.42 脳 10-7 M, and 5.81 脳 10-7 M, respectively. Therefore, in this work, for the first time, the interactions between C. tropicalis cell wall proteins and HK were characterized in molecular terms. Our findings may be useful for designing more effective prevention and treatment approaches against infections caused by this dangerous fungal pathogen
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