COPYRIGHT CHALLENGES FOR USER GENERATED INTERMEDIARIES: VIACOM V YOUTUBE AND GOOGLE

YouTube, the video sharing website has risen to be one of the most popular and profitable websites on the Internet. What was first created in February 2005 as a platform for people all over the world to share videos, has now developed into a billion dollar business, that is an integral part of the Google corporation. However, while the success and popularity of YouTube is clear, the associated copyright issues which lie at the very core of the YouTube platform, are far from settled. Evidencing the legal uncertainty surrounding the operation of YouTube, is the recent high profile litigation which has been brought by entertainment company, Viacom International. The case filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and any subsequent appeals, have the potential to be one of the most influential copyright decisions in the digital era. YouTube is not the only user generated intermediary to have encountered legal difficulties, rather it exemplifies the copyright challenges facing user generated intermediaries. Indeed, the evolution of Web 2.0 and other new digital technologies have enabled digital content to be easily reproduced and communicated online, without the permission of the copyright owner. The following chapter will provide an analysis of the recent Viacom v YouTube litigtion, including the claims brought by Viacom, both party’s arguments and an examination of the key issues, which are likely to decide the outcome of the case. The chapter will also consider copyright challenges for other user generated intermediaries, such as blogs and wikis. Finally, the chapter will provide an analysis from an Australian perspective of some of the copyright challenges which user generated intermediaries are likely to encounter under Australian copyright law

COPYRIGHT CHALLENGES FOR USER GENERATED INTERMEDIARIES: VIACOM V YOUTUBE AND GOOGLE

YouTube, the video sharing website has risen to be one of the most popular and profitable websites on the Internet. What was first created in February 2005 as a platform for people all over the world to share videos, has now developed into a billion dollar business, that is an integral part of the Google corporation. However, while the success and popularity of YouTube is clear, the associated copyright issues which lie at the very core of the YouTube platform, are far from settled. Evidencing the legal uncertainty surrounding the operation of YouTube, is the recent high profile litigation which has been brought by entertainment company, Viacom International. The case filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and any subsequent appeals, have the potential to be one of the most influential copyright decisions in the digital era. YouTube is not the only user generated intermediary to have encountered legal difficulties, rather it exemplifies the copyright challenges facing user generated intermediaries. Indeed, the evolution of Web 2.0 and other new digital technologies have enabled digital content to be easily reproduced and communicated online, without the permission of the copyright owner. The following chapter will provide an analysis of the recent Viacom v YouTube litigtion, including the claims brought by Viacom, both party’s arguments and an examination of the key issues, which are likely to decide the outcome of the case. The chapter will also consider copyright challenges for other user generated intermediaries, such as blogs and wikis. Finally, the chapter will provide an analysis from an Australian perspective of some of the copyright challenges which user generated intermediaries are likely to encounter under Australian copyright law

Effect of Loss on Multiplexed Single-Photon Sources

An on-demand single-photon source is a key requirement for scaling many optical quantum technologies. A promising approach to realize an on-demand single-photon source is to multiplex an array of heralded single-photon sources using an active optical switching network. However, the performance of multiplexed sources is degraded by photon loss in the optical components and the non-unit detection efficiency of the heralding detectors. We provide a theoretical description of a general multiplexed single-photon source with lossy components and derive expressions for the output probabilities of single-photon emission and multi-photon contamination. We apply these expressions to three specific multiplexing source architectures and consider their tradeoffs in design and performance. To assess the effect of lossy components on near- and long-term experimental goals, we simulate the multiplexed sources when used for many-photon state generation under various amounts of component loss. We find that with a multiplexed source composed of switches with ~0.2-0.4 dB loss and high efficiency number-resolving detectors, a single-photon source capable of efficiently producing 20-40 photon states with low multi-photon contamination is possible, offering the possibility of unlocking new classes of experiments and technologies.Comment: Journal versio

Photon pair generation in hydrogenated amorphous silicon microring resonators

We generate photon pairs in a-Si:H microrings using a CW pump, and find the Kerr coefficient of a-Si:H to be $3.73 \pm 0.25 \times 10^{-17}m^2/W$. By measuring the Q factor with coupled power we find that the loss in the a-Si:H micro-rings scales linearly with power, and therefore cannot originate from two photon absorption. Theoretically comparing a-Si:H and c-Si micro-ring pair sources, we show that the high Kerr coefficient of this sample of a-Si:H is best utilized for microrings with Q factors below $10^3$, but that for higher Q factor devices the photon pair rate is greatly suppressed due to the first order loss.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure

Fast path and polarisation manipulation of telecom wavelength single photons in lithium niobate waveguide devices

We demonstrate fast polarisation and path control of photons at 1550 nm in lithium niobate waveguide devices using the electro-optic effect. We show heralded single photon state engineering, quantum interference, fast state preparation of two entangled photons and feedback control of quantum interference. These results point the way to a single platform that will enable the integration of nonlinear single photon sources and fast reconfigurable circuits for future photonic quantum information science and technology.Comment: 6 page

Active Temporal Multiplexing of Photons

Photonic qubits constitute a leading platform to disruptive quantum technologies due to their unique low-noise properties. The cost of the photonic approach is the non-deterministic nature of many of the processes, including single-photon generation, which arises from parametric sources and negligible interaction between photons. Active temporal multiplexing - repeating a generation process in time and rerouting to single modes using an optical switching network - is a promising approach to overcome this challenge and will likely be essential for large-scale applications with greatly reduced resource complexity and system sizes. Requirements include the precise synchronization of a system of low-loss switches, delay lines, fast photon detectors, and feed-forward. Here we demonstrate temporal multiplexing of 8 'bins' from a double-passed heralded photon source and observe an increase in the heralding and heralded photon rates. This system points the way to harnessing temporal multiplexing in quantum technologies, from single-photon sources to large-scale computation.Comment: Minor revision