Basic of Fault Tree (FT) method

A fault tree described the logical relationship between events and causes. This method shows significant success in analyzing the root cause of an accident. This paper will review the basics of the Fault Tree (FT) method including the structure, factors that contribute and FT application

Effect of ionizing radiation towards human health: a review

This paper reviews the properties, process and effect of ionizing radiation towards human health. Ionizing radiation is a radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them. Ionizing radiation is made up of energetic subatomic particles, ions or atoms moving at high speeds such as alpha, beta, gamma, neutron particles and X-rays. The spontaneous disintegration of atoms is known as radioactivity and the excess energy emitted is a form of ionizing radiation. Unstable elements which disintegrate and emit ionizing radiation are called radionuclides. It has many beneficial applications, including uses in medicine, industry, agriculture and research. As the use of ionizing radiation increases, so does the potential for health hazards. Radiation exposure may be internal or external, and can be acquired through various exposure pathways. Different organs have different sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Understanding the effects of radiation on human bodies provide useful information for the development of radiation protection measures

Safety culture in handling radioactive materials for radiation practitioners : a review

Safety culture refers to how safety is addressed and communicated in the workplace. It encompasses the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and values of all employees in an organization about safety. A good safety culture can be promoted by management through a commitment to safety, realistic practices for handling hazards, continuous organizational learning and concern for hazards shared across the workforce. The objective of this paper is to reviews the safety culture in handling radioactive sources. The radioactive substances used should comply with the following characteristics where radiotoxicity must be as low as possible, short-living isotopes are preferred to long-living ones and the amounts used must be kept to a minimum. Therefore, the As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle was applied that based on the minimization of radiation doses and limiting the release of radioactive materials into the environment by employing all reasonable methods. Besides that, the ALARA principle is an integral part of all activities that involve the use of radiation or radioactive materials and can help prevent unnecessary exposure as well as overexposure. The three major ALARA principles to assist with maintaining doses are time, distance and shielding. It takes a whole team effort to successfully implement the ALARA in safety culture while doing routine elements of working in handling radioactive materials