Estimation of Gas Leak Volume to Quantify Gaseous Fluid Flow in Processing Plants

Leak detection based on volume changes is common in conventional liquid processing systems, but present challenges in gas systems.  This paper estimates the gas leak volume to quantify gaseous fluid flow in processing plants using prior-calibration-relation techniques. The estimation of volume following this pressure-based model requires that the pressure indicator of the gas leak is normalized against the initial volume before the pressure drop. Normalization makes it possible for equivalent pressure and gas volume data to be presented in percentage or fraction, so they are comparable. (This is similar to the pressure reading or drop on the regulator gauge of a gas cylinder, which is proportional to the equivalent gas cylinder weight or volume difference due to the depressurisation) An example of leak estimation for Gas Plant JK – 52 real-time test case modelling is shown in this work. The change in pressure dP was plotted against the change in volume dV in a prior calibration to derive a relationship between dP and dV. For a Pressure drop of 5 bars, Leak Volume = 2.40 m3 or 84.7 scf of gas. Such estimation of actual gas volume is useful in tying gas leak to environmental impact, HSE and in costing of economic loss

Comparative Analysis of Borehole Water Characteristics as a function of Coordinates in Emohua and Ngor Okpala Local Government Areas, Southern Nigeria

Comparative analysis of sixteen (16) borehole water supply sources collected from Emohua and Ngor Okpala Local Government Areas (hereafter referred to as LGAs) were carried out in December 2017 to March 2018. Physicochemical parameters were analyzed using analytical techniques and instruments to study the level of pollutant concentration as index of mine exploitation. Coordinates were used to differentiate the boreholes by way of some physicochemical parameters, while multiply analyses of variance was applied. The results obtained showed mean values of pH (4.66 ±0.05), conductivity (82.100 ±0.05), alkalinity (0.056 ±0.05), chloride (1.146 ±0.05), total dissolved solids (45.140 ±0.05), total organic matter (0.024 ±0.05), sulphate (0.030 ±0.05) and iron (0.357 ±0.05). The realized pH values indicate that the boreholes are acidic. Moreover, the Fe levels in some boreholes were above the permissible limit of the water standard. From the results of the ANOVA, the null hypothesis (H0) revealed significant differences in pH, Cl¯, TDS, conductivity, whereas other factors such as alkalinity, SO42¯, total organic matter and Fe were not significant in both LGAs. The coordinate results also showed that chloride increases as sulphate decreases in both LGAs. Furthermore, total organic matter increases with increase in alkalinity and Fe increases with increase in TDS in the two LGAs as well. This concludes that there is pollution in the two study areas