Maladaptive schemas, behavioral activation-inhibition systems, and experiential avoidance in patients with chronic somatic symptom disorders and healthy people

BACKGROUND: Somatic symptom disorders have relation with mental health. Hence, this study aimed to compare early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), behavioral activation system/behavioral inhibition system (BAS/BIS), and experiential avoidance in patients with chronic somatic symptom disorders and healthy people.METHODS: This was a casual-comparative study. Of patients with psychosomatic disorders referring to the Palliative Medicine Center and Educational and Medical Center of Shahid Sayyad Shirazi in Gorgan, Iran, 120 eligible patients were selected through convenience sampling, then were compared with 120 normal individuals (without psychosomatic disorders) who had been matched with patient group in terms of age, sex, education, and marital status. Brain Behavioral System Questionnaire (BAS/BIS Questionnaire), Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II) were used. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and SPSS software.RESULTS: Demographic information of patient and healthy groups indicated that in patient group, 36.7% were single and 63.3% were married, 1.7% had elementary education, 10.0% had secondary school education, 45.0% had diploma, and 43.3% had higher education degree. In normal group, 60.0% were single and 40.0% were married, 3.3% had secondary school degree, 51.7% had diploma, and 45.0% had higher education degree. The results indicated a significant difference between EMSs, behavioral systems, and experiential avoidance in patients with somatic symptom disorders and normal people in Iran (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Patients with somatic symptom disorders have more active BAS-BIS, high EMSs, and more experimental avoidance than normal people

Macular thickness and amblyopia

Purpose: To compare macular thickness in children with functional amblyopia and those without amblyopia using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 93 children aged 3-10 years including 44 cases with unilateral amblyopia and 49 subjects without amblyopia. Amblyopic eyes were considered as the case group and their fellow eyes as internal controls; eyes of non-amblyopic children served as the external control. Macular thickness of all eyes were measured by optical coherence tomography in the center (foveola), 1 mm ring (fovea), and 3 and 6 mm rings and compared. Results: Although macular thickness was generally not different between the study groups, there was a significant difference in central macular thickness between eyes with moderate to severe amblyopia and the external controls (P = 0.037). Foveal thickness difference exceeding 10 microns between fellow eyes was detected in a larger number of amblyopic children as compared to non-amblyopic controls (P = 0.002). Mean foveal thickness was greater in boys (P = 0.037) but there was no significant difference in foveal thickness among various types of refractive errors. Conclusion: Although there was no significant relationship between macular thickness and amblyopia, foveolar thickness in eyes with moderate to severe amblyopia was significantly greater than the external controls. Further studies with more cases of moderate to severe amblyopia are recommended