Bilateral Transversus Abdominis plane block using ropivacaine and bupivacaine for lower segment caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia: A prospective, randomized, single blinded, placebo controlled study for evaluating the analgesic efficacy of 0.5% ropivacaine vs 0.25% bupivacaine

BACKGROUND: Transversus abdominis plane block is a regional anaesthetic technique which provides analgesia after lower abdominal surgeries particularly where the somatic pain forms the main component of pain, from the incision of the anterior abdominal wall. TAP block provides sensory blockade of the skin over the lower abdominal wall by deposition of local anaesthetic drugs in the neurovascular plane between Internal oblique aponeurosis and transversus abdominis muscle. We evaluated the efficacy of bilateral TAP block using Ropivacaine & Bupivacaine for lower segment caesarean section done under spinal anaesthesia in a prospective, randomized, single blinded, placebo controlled study. METHOD: 75 pregnant women undergoing lower segment caesarean section (elective or emergency) were randomized to undergo USG guided bilateral TAP block with 0.5% Ropivacaine (n = 25) or 0.25% Bupivacaine (n = 25) or Normal saline (n = 25). At end of the surgery performed under spinal anaesthesia bilateral TAP block was performed under ultrasound guidance using 20 ml of 0.5 % Ropivacaine or 0.25 % Bupivacaine or saline on each side. Each patient was assessed postoperatively for Heart rate, Blood pressure, VAS scores, the time for initiation of analgesia and complications in postoperative ward every 15 minutes for first one hour, then at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 hours postoperatively in ward. The results were the mean duration of analgesia in the control group (normal saline) was 1.49 hours, ranging from 0.5 to 0.25 hours and in the intervention group who received 0.25% Bupivacaine was 6.22 hours, ranging from 4 to 8 hours and in the group which received 0.5% Ropivacaine was 20.6 hours, ranging between 17.65 to 23.54 hours which was found to be statistically significant and there was no difference in the haemodynamic parameters of the intervention groups(Bupivacaine and Ropivacaine) . There were no complications attributable to TAP block or the drugs under study except a few cases of failure due to displacement of the needle while giving drugs. CONCLUSION: Hence we conclude that 0.5% Ropivacaine provided longer duration of analgesia than 0.25 % Bupivacaine when used in TAP block in women undergoing lower segment caesarean section

Correlation of Ocular Perfusion Pressure and Intraocular Pressure Changes during Hemodialysis in End-Stage Renal Disease: An Observational study

OBJECTIVE: To assess correlation of IOP and OPP changes during Hemodialysis. METHODS: CKD patients-receiving hemodialysis for ≥ 1month were included. At 3 time points, IOP and BP measurement were done.15 minutes before initiation of HD (T1), 2 hours after initiation of HD (T2), and 15 minutes after ending HD (T3). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and OPP (systolic, diastolic, and mean OPP) were calculated. Patients with MOPP, DOPP, SOPP below baseline and variation in IOP were reviewed every 3 months. RESULTS: From T1 to T3, IOP significantly increased by 2.7 mm Hg (both eyes, P=0.000), MAP significantly decreased by 10.13 mm Hg (P = 0.000), and all OPP measures significantly decreased from baseline (all P < 0 .001). Using previously reported thresholds of increased glaucoma development and progression risk, in both eyes 58% of had a SOPP of ≤101 mm Hg, 58% had a DOPP of ≤55 mm Hg, and 48% had a MOPP of ≤42 mm Hg. At the end of our study period, 6 of 58 patients(below baseline OPP) were found to develop early glaucomatous field defects and early optic nerve head changes in both eyes at follow-up visits. CONCLUSIONS: Significantly increased IOP and decreased OPP occur during HD, bringing both to levels that increase the risk of glaucoma development and progression. Hence our study reveals the importance of screening and monitoring of IOP and characteristic early optic nerve head changes and early visual field changes of glaucoma in end-stage renal disease patients who are on hemodialysis

Analysis of Datura stramonium Linn. biodiesel by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (gc-ms) and influence of fatty acid composition on the fuel related characteristics

Biodiesel is a mixture of fatty acid alkyl esters obtained by the reaction of triglycerides of vegetable or animal origin with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. The fatty acid profile influences the overall properties of the biodiesel. The properties of individual fatty acid depend on the occurrence of double bonds, fatty acid chain length and branching. Better understanding of the fatty acid composition and correlating the fuel properties is of utmost importance in improving the optimal performance. In the present study, Datura stramonium biodiesel is analyzed for its fatty composition using Gas chromatography assisted with mass spectrometry. The influence of fatty acids of the fuel related properties is discussed.Â

Production and Utilization of Vermicompost in Agro Industry

SUMMARYVermicompost was prepared by using the earthworms, Eudrilus eugeniae collected from the Sathyamangalam, Erode district and it is maintained under normal laboratory conditions. The compost was prepared in large amount and the rate of compost was noted for eight months from the months of October 2005 to May 2006. After production of the compost, required amount of compost was taken for the growth of vegetables like Solanum melongena (Brinjal), Capsicum minimum (Chilli), Alysicarpus spinosus (Mullakeerai) and Amaranthus viridis (Pachathandukeerai) were observed using 2kgs of garden soil along with 1kgs of vermicompost (in the ratio 2:1). The results showed higher percentage of biomass production in the vermicompost medium (Experiment) when compared to the garden soil (Control). Due to their short life span some plants in the experimental medium showed high growth rate in short period. Key words: Eudrilus eugeniae, Vermicompost, Solanum melongena, Capsicum minimum, Alysicarpus spinosus, Amaranthus viridis G. Nithya and M. Lekeshmanaswamy. Production and Utilization of Vermicompost in Agro Industry.  J Phytol 2/2 (2010) 68-72

Puerperal Group A Streptococcal sepsis: a case report

Group A Streptococcal (GAS) sepsis in puerperium is one of the recognised causes of maternal mortality. Though the onset is often insidious, it can progress rapidly to a life-threatening invasive infection, toxin-mediated shock, and end-organ failure, even before clinical signs become apparent. We report a case of puerperal GAS sepsis that was successfully managed. 24-years-old para 1 was readmitted to the intensive care unit requiring non-invasive ventilation on postnatal day 6 with clinical and biochemical features of sepsis. Blood culture, episiotomy wound swab, and high vaginal swab grew GAS. Broad-spectrum antibiotics initiated. She developed ascites that progressively increased and needed therapeutic paracentesis. She was discharged after four weeks of hospitalization. Early identification and prompt treatment are the keys to prevent severe morbidity and maternal mortality

(R1984) Analysis of M^[X1], M^[X2]/G1, G_2^(a,b)/1 Queue with Priority Services, Server Breakdown, Repair, Modified Bernoulli Vacation, Immediate Feedback

In this investigation, the steady state analysis of two individualistic batch arrival queues with immediate feedback, modified Bernoulli vacation and server breakdown are introduced. Two different categories of customers like priority and ordinary are to be considered. This model propose nonpreemptive priority discipline. Ordinary and priority customers arrive as per Poisson processes. The server consistently afford single service for priority customers and the general bulk service for the ordinary customers and the service follows general distribution. The ordinary customers to be served only if the batch size should be greater than or equal to a , else the server should not start service until a customers have accumulated. Meanwhile priority queue is empty; the server becomes idle or go for vacation. If server gets breakdown while the priority customers are being served, they may wait in the head of the queue and get fresh service after repair completion, but in case of ordinary customers they may leave the system. After completion of each priority service, customer may rejoin the system as a feedback customer for receiving regular service because of inappropriate quality of service. Supplementary variable technique and probability generating function are generally used to solve the Laplace transforms of time-dependent probabilities of system states. Finally, some performance measures are evaluated and express the numerical results

Polymorphic behavior of an organic compound

Objective: Polymorphic crystals were exhibited in many organic compounds. The frequency changes, relative intensities, band contours, and numberof bands were observed in the spectra of different polymorphism which may be due to molecule-molecule interactions in the crystal unit cells. Theshape of a molecule at its site in the unit cell is distorted by molecular interactions.Methods: The identification of a pure crystal form and to quantify a mixture of two forms infrared and Raman spectra of different crystalline formsof the same organic compound can be used. 2'-chloro-4-methoxy-3-nitro benzil (1) was synthesized and its two polymorphic forms were obtainedby recrystallization from the solvents acetone/chloroform and ethanol. The polymorphism present in the compound was confirmed by single crystalX-ray crystallography and differential scanning calorimetry.Results: The polymorph 1.1 crystallizes as triclinic P-1 space group in the solvent acetone – chloroform and the polymorph 1.2 crystallizes asmonoclinic P21/c space group in the solvent ethanol.Discussion: The intermolecular lattice energy and the interplay of molecular conformation in the crystallization and stability of polymorphs areidentified by X-ray crystal structures of conformational polymorphs.Keywords: Conformational polymorphism, Organic compounds, Single crystal growth, X-ray diffraction

IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT SUBSTITUTED BENZILIC ACID USING 2,2-DIPHENYL-1-PICRYL HYDRAZYL RADICAL, ABTS ASSAY METHOD

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the antioxidant activity of different substituted benzilic acid using DPPH assay and ABTS methods.Methods: Compounds were synthesized based on benzil-benzilic acid rearrangement. The synthesized compound was confirmed by 1HNMR, Infrared,Mass, TGA, and UV analysis. Antioxidant activity of the compound was measured by radical scavenging assay method (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl)and ABTS method.Results: All synthesized compounds show moderate to extent antioxidant activity. The results for the antioxidant activity showed that the highestpercentage of scavenger radicals was present in the 2'-chloro-4-methoxy-3-nitro benzilic acid.Conclusion: The result showed that better activity in 2'-chloro-4-methoxy-3-nitro benzilic acid due to the presence of electro withdrawing andelectro donating group than others. Thus, it could be served as potent antioxidant. All compounds were tested for their effect on the viability of cellsand results demonstrated that they are not toxic towards the cell lines used.Keywords: Synthesis, Antioxidant activity, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl assay, ABTS assay