A holographic proof of the strong subadditivity of entanglement entropy

When a quantum system is divided into subsystems, their entanglement entropies are subject to an inequality known as "strong subadditivity". For a field theory this inequality can be stated as follows: given any two regions of space $A$ and $B$, $S(A) + S(B) \ge S(A \cup B) + S(A \cap B)$. Recently, a method has been found for computing entanglement entropies in any field theory for which there is a holographically dual gravity theory. In this note we give a simple geometrical proof of strong subadditivity employing this holographic prescription.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure

The Uniqueness Theorem for Entanglement Measures

We explore and develop the mathematics of the theory of entanglement measures. After a careful review and analysis of definitions, of preliminary results, and of connections between conditions on entanglement measures, we prove a sharpened version of a uniqueness theorem which gives necessary and sufficient conditions for an entanglement measure to coincide with the reduced von Neumann entropy on pure states. We also prove several versions of a theorem on extreme entanglement measures in the case of mixed states. We analyse properties of the asymptotic regularization of entanglement measures proving, for example, convexity for the entanglement cost and for the regularized relative entropy of entanglement.Comment: 22 pages, LaTeX, version accepted by J. Math. Phy

Gender Differences in Compensation, Job Satisfaction and Other Practice Patterns in Urology

The proportion of women in urology has increased from <0.5% in 1981 to 10% today. Furthermore, 33% of students matching in urology are now female. This analysis sought to characterize the female workforce in urology in comparison to men with regard to income, workload, and job satisfaction

Readability of American Online Patient Education Materials in Urologic Oncology: A Need for Simple Communication

To determine readability levels of reputable cancer and urologic websites addressing bladder, prostate, kidney and testicular cancers

Reappraising the Evolutionary History of the Largest Known Gecko, the Presumably Extinct \u3cem\u3eHoplodactylus delcourti\u3c/em\u3e, via High-Throughput Sequencing of Archival DNA

Hoplodactylus delcourti is a presumably extinct species of diplodactylid gecko known only from a single specimen of unknown provenance. It is by far the largest known gekkotan, approximately 50% longer than the next largest-known species. It has been considered a member of the New Zealand endemic genus Hoplodactylus based on external morphological features including shared toe pad structure. We obtained DNA from a bone sample of the only known specimen to generate high-throughput sequence data suitable for phylogenetic analysis of its evolutionary history. Complementary sequence data were obtained from a broad sample of diplodactylid geckos. Our results indicate that the species is not most closely related to extant Hoplodactylus or any other New Zealand gecko. Instead, it is a member of a clade whose living species are endemic to New Caledonia. Phylogenetic comparative analyses indicate that the New Caledonian diplodactylid clade has evolved significantly more disparate body sizes than either the Australian or New Zealand clades. Toe pad structure has changed repeatedly across diplodactylids, including multiple times in the New Caledonia clade, partially explaining the convergence in form between H. delcourti and New Zealand Hoplodactylus. Based on the phylogenetic results, we place H. delcourti in a new genus

Prevention and management of complications following robot-assisted radical cystectomy: lessons learned after >250 consecutive cases

An increasing number of case series of robot-assisted radical cystectomy describe complication rates comparable to open series. Conflicting reports describe various pre-operative factors as predictors of post-operative complications. Furthermore, learning curves complicate these predictors and should also be taken into account. Despite these variables, there are a number of considerations, including patient selection, peri-operative care pathway, intra-operative technique and equipment choice that we have found to decrease post-operative complications and improve patient outcomes. In this topic paper, we briefly review the literature surrounding complication rates following robot-assisted radical cystectomy as well as describe our experience after >250 cases, outlining our suggestions for avoidance of surgical complications when building a practice that incorporates this technique

Meta-analysis of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Gene Expression Defines a Variant Subgroup and Identifies Gender Influences on Tumor Biology

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) displays molecular and histologic heterogeneity. Previously described subsets of this disease, ccA and ccB, were defined based on multigene expression profiles, but it is unclear whether these subgroupings reflect the full spectrum of disease or how these molecular subtypes relate to histologic descriptions or gender

Generation of Three-Qubit Entangled States using Superconducting Phase Qubits

Entanglement is one of the key resources required for quantum computation, so experimentally creating and measuring entangled states is of crucial importance in the various physical implementations of a quantum computer. In superconducting qubits, two-qubit entangled states have been demonstrated and used to show violations of Bell's Inequality and to implement simple quantum algorithms. Unlike the two-qubit case, however, where all maximally-entangled two-qubit states are equivalent up to local changes of basis, three qubits can be entangled in two fundamentally different ways, typified by the states $|\mathrm{GHZ}> = (|000> + |111>)/\sqrt{2}$ and $|\mathrm{W}> = (|001> + |010> + |100>)/\sqrt{3}$. Here we demonstrate the operation of three coupled superconducting phase qubits and use them to create and measure $|\mathrm{GHZ}>$ and $|\mathrm{W}>$ states. The states are fully characterized using quantum state tomography and are shown to satisfy entanglement witnesses, confirming that they are indeed examples of three-qubit entanglement and are not separable into mixtures of two-qubit entanglement.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures. Version 2: added supplementary information and fixed image distortion in Figure 2

Nutritional predictors of complications following radical cystectomy

To determine the impact of preoperative nutritional status on the development of surgical complications following cystectomy using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP)

Trends in Anemia Management in Hemodialysis Patients with Cancer

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), intravenous iron, and blood transfusion are used to treat anemia in both end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and cancer. However, anemia treatment patterns have not been described among ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis with concurrent cancer, especially in the recent era of ESA-related safety concerns