Anglicismos y vida docente

Pertenece a la sección diaria del CVC (Centro Virtual Cervantes).Una de las vías de entrada de anglicismos en nuestra lengua es el mundo universitario y escolar.Peer reviewe

Austriaguides führen durch die Stadt : das Gewerbe der österreichischen "Fremdenführer" und dessen Entwicklung in den letzten drei Jahrzehnten

FremdenführerInnen obliegt es, die historischen Reichtümer, das künstlerische und kulturelle Erbe des Landes, die gesellschaftliche, soziale und politische Situation im nationalen und in-ternationalen Zusammenhalt und sportliche und gesellschaftliche Veranstaltungen zu zeigen und zu erklären. Nach dem Aufbau schlagkräftiger privater Interessensverbände durch enga-gierte Gewerbetreibende erreichten diese erfolgreich rechtliche, organisatorische und finan-zielle Unterstützung durch die Österreichische Wirtschaftskammer. Liberalisierungstendenzen in der EU stehen dem Schutz der beruflichen Reglementierung innerhalb Österreichs jedoch entgegen. Beste fachliche Qualifikation und institutionalisierte Weiterbildung dieser derzeit 1.500 Personen machen sie davon unabhängig. Auch ist beides in einem Fremdenverkehrs-land erforderlich, geben sie den KundInnen auch bestmögliche Sicherheit. Die VertreterInnen Österreichs in der Europäischen FremdenführerInnenvereinigung FEG (European Federation of Tourist Guide Associations) erreichten, dass europäische Normen hinsichtlich Berufsbild und Ausbildung federführend durch das Österreichische Normungsinstitut erarbeitet wurden. Diese Normen unterstützen auch die Bemühungen im Kampf gegen den Schwarzmarkt. Wien ist Sitz des Weltverbandes WFTGA (World Federation of Tourist Guides Associations), der gut 100.000 Guides vertritt. Österreich war immer im Vorstand vertreten und stellt derzeit die Vizepräsidentin. Auf nationaler Ebene bietet die jährlich abgehaltene Österreichtagung der Berufsgruppe seit zwanzig Jahren ein gemeinsames Forum. Die vorliegende Arbeit will die erfolgreiche Professionalisierung aufzeigen und die Erinnerungen von ProtagonistInnen fest-halten. Oral History Interviews sind die Basis dieser Grundlagenarbeit. Eine Beschreibung des rechtlichen Rahmens, der praktischen Berufausübung, sowie des Umgangs und der Zu-kunftschancen des Berufs hinsichtlich der Neuen Medien runden sie ab.It is a tourist guide?s task to show and explain the country?s artistic and cultural heritage, interpret its social and political situation in a national and international context, as well as present sports and social events. After establishing a number of powerful private associations, enthusiastic professional tourist guides managed to achieve legal, organisational and financial support by the Austrian Chamber of Commerce. However, liberalisation tendencies within the EC have not been helping to protect the professional regimentation of this trade in Austria. Therefore, best possible professional qualifications as well as training carried out by official institutions for the country?s about 1500 tourist guides makes them autarkic. Both is even more important to ensure a maximum of customer satisfaction and to guarantee highest standards in a country like Austria which features an important tourism industry. Austrian representatives at the European Federation of Tourist Guide Associations (FEG) achieved to have European norms regulating the profession and its training developed in a great part by the Austrian Standards Body. These norms are in line with attempts to crack down on the black market. The World Federation of Tourist Guides Associations (WFTGA ? ca.100.000 members), has its official Registered Office in Vienna. Austrian representatives have always been among the members of the federation?s executive board with the current vice president being a Viennese tourist guide. On a national level, the annual Austrian Tourist Guide Convention has been offering its members a common forum over the past twenty years. This paper shows and analyses these successful professionalisation processes of the past decades. It is based upon Oral History, i.e. interviews with the main protagonists, which are put into context and complemented by information on legal and practical aspects, as well as rounded off with future opportunities offered by the use of new technologies.Claudia NicklAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersZsfassung in engl. SpracheGraz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2011(VLID)21308

Lack of Meta-Analytic Evidence for an Impact of COMT Val158Met Genotype on Brain Activation During Working Memory Tasks

Imaging genetics, that is, the investigation of neuroimaging correlates for genetic variation, have been highly popular over the last decade. Within this framework, schizophrenia risk genes and, in particular, the effect of the Val158Met (rs4680) single nucleotide polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene on activations related to working memory have been studied extensively. COMT mediates the degradation of dopamine in the synaptic cleft, and its Val allele is associated with lower working memory performance ( 1). It is assumed that these effects are due to increased enzymatic activity in Val allele carriers leading to decreased prefrontal dopamine concentration, causing changes in regional activity during working memory tasks. However, is there reliable evidence to support this conclusion?To investigate whether there is converging evidence from imaging genetics studies for COMT genotype effects on working memory-related activation, we performed a quantitative coordinate-based meta-analysis using the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) approach ( 2). Relevant studies were retrieved through PubMed and Google Scholar, review articles, and reference tracing. Inclusion criteria are reported in the legend to Table 1. In total, 14 studies published between 2004 and 2014 met inclusion criteria ( Table 1). Together, these studies enrolled a total of 995 subjects (920 healthy subjects and 75 schizophrenia patients). Although most studies tested for linear effects of increasing or decreasing Val alleles, not all publications used this contrast (cf. Table 1). To establish a standardized classification for assessing the convergence of results despite methodical heterogeneity of the original studies, we summarized different contrasts by focusing on the number of Val alleles. In the following, we thus refer to hyper- or hypoactivation associated with a higher number of Val alleles in the original contrast (e.g., Met/Met > Val/Met > Val/Val, but also, e.g., Met allele carriers > Val/Val). Among the included studies, eight studies reported only hyperactivations, whereas three studies reported only hypoactivation, and four studies reported both hyper- and hypoactivation with higher numbers of Val alleles. To determine whether genotype effects showed convergent results regardless of diagnosis, both the healthy controls and the schizophrenia patients were included in a first analysis. We also conducted a subanalysis that included only the healthy controls

Using coordinate-based meta-analyses to explore structural imaging genetics

Imaging genetics has become a highly popular approach in the field of schizophrenia research. A frequently reported finding is that effects from common genetic variation are associated with a schizophrenia-related structural endophenotype. Genetic contributions to a structural endophenotype may be easier to delineate, when referring to biological rather than diagnostic criteria. We used coordinate-based meta-analyses, namely the anatomical likelihood estimation (ALE) algorithm on 30 schizophrenia-related imaging genetics studies, representing 44 single-nucleotide polymorphisms at 26 gene loci investigated in 4682 subjects. To test whether analyses based on biological information would improve the convergence of results, gene ontology (GO) terms were used to group the findings from the published studies. We did not find any significant results for the main contrast. However, our analysis enrolling studies on genotype × diagnosis interaction yielded two clusters in the left temporal lobe and the medial orbitofrontal cortex. All other subanalyses did not yield any significant results. To gain insight into possible biological relationships between the genes implicated by these clusters, we mapped five of them to GO terms of the category “biological process” (AKT1, CNNM2, DISC1, DTNBP1, VAV3), then five to “cellular component” terms (AKT1, CNNM2, DISC1, DTNBP1, VAV3), and three to “molecular function” terms (AKT1, VAV3, ZNF804A). A subsequent cluster analysis identified representative, non-redundant subsets of semantically similar terms that aided a further interpretation. We regard this approach as a new option to systematically explore the richness of the literature in imaging genetics

1,2-Carbagerma-closo-dodecaborate as a Germanium Ligand in Coordination Chemistry - Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity

A much improved synthesis for the carbagerma-closo-dodecaborate anion [GeCB10H11]– is described in the form of [Bu3NH][GeCB10H11] (1). In reactions with transition metal electrophiles, three transition metal complexes {[Bu3NH][(C6H6)Ru(Cl)2(GeCB10H11)] (2), [Bu3NH][Cp*Ir(Cl)(GeCB10H11)2] (3) and [Me3NH][(PPh3)2Ir(CO)(GeCB10H11)2] (4)} with metal–germanium bonds were synthesized. The carbagermaborate anion, in the form of the salt [Et3NH][GeCB10H11], and the coordination compounds 2–4 were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Computations were carried out for the anions in 1–4 to aid NMR assignments

Neural networks related to dysfunctional face processing in autism spectrum disorder.

One of the most consistent neuropsychological findings in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a reduced interest in and impaired processing of human faces. We conducted an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis on 14 functional imaging studies on neural correlates of face processing enrolling a total of 164 ASD patients. Subsequently, normative whole-brain functional connectivity maps for the identified regions of significant convergence were computed for the task-independent (resting-state) and task-dependent (co-activations) state in healthy subjects. Quantitative functional decoding was performed by reference to the BrainMap database. Finally, we examined the overlap of the delineated network with the results of a previous meta-analysis on structural abnormalities in ASD as well as with brain regions involved in human action observation/imitation. We found a single cluster in the left fusiform gyrus showing significantly reduced activation during face processing in ASD across all studies. Both task-dependent and task-independent analyses indicated significant functional connectivity of this region with the temporo-occipital and lateral occipital cortex, the inferior frontal and parietal cortices, the thalamus and the amygdala. Quantitative reverse inference then indicated an association of these regions mainly with face processing, affective processing, and language-related tasks. Moreover, we found that the cortex in the region of right area V5 displaying structural changes in ASD patients showed consistent connectivity with the region showing aberrant responses in the context of face processing. Finally, this network was also implicated in the human action observation/imitation network. In summary, our findings thus suggest a functionally and structurally disturbed network of occipital regions related primarily to face (but potentially also language) processing, which interact with inferior frontal as well as limbic regions and may be the core of aberrant face processing and reduced interest in faces in ASD