Public-Private Sector Wage Differentials for Males and Females in Vietnam

This study examines public administration-private wage differentials and SOEs-private wage differentials for males and females. Based on data from Vietnam Living Standards Survey in 2002 (VLSS 2002), wage equations with and without selectivity correction are estimated by sector of employment for males and females. From these results, the study compares the wage structure by sector of work for males and females. Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of the public administration-private sector wage differentials and the State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs)-private sector wage differentials are carried out. Results, which are controlled for observed characteristics and selection bias, indicate some main points. For men, public workers are paid lower than private workers. For women, public administration wages are lower than private wages. However, SOE wages are higher than private wages for women. The wage differential is mostly due to the differential in characteristics in which public workers have richer characteristics than private workers. In these worker characteristics, education is the most important element accounting for wage differentials. Besides, there are differences in returns to characteristics by sector of work for men and for women. Furthermore, the total unexplained differential has a large contribution of the wage differential in the constant term of public administration vs. private sector and SOE vs. private sector for men and women

public-private sector wage differentials for males and females in vietnam

This study examines public administration-private wage differentials and SOEs-private wage differentials for males and females. Based on data from Vietnam Living Standards Survey in 2002 (VLSS 2002), wage equations with and without selectivity correction are estimated by sector of employment for males and females. From these results, the study compares the wage structure by sector of work for males and females. Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of the public administration-private sector wage differentials and the State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs)-private sector wage differentials are carried out. Results, which are controlled for observed characteristics and selection bias, indicate some main points. For men, public workers are paid lower than private workers. For women, public administration wages are lower than private wages. However, SOE wages are higher than private wages for women. The wage differential is mostly due to the differential in characteristics in which public workers have richer characteristics than private workers. In these worker characteristics, education is the most important element accounting for wage differentials. Besides, there are differences in returns to characteristics by sector of work for men and for women. Furthermore, the total unexplained differential has a large contribution of the wage differential in the constant term of public administration vs. private sector and SOE vs. private sector for men and women

public-private sector wage differentials for males and females in vietnam

This study examines public administration-private wage differentials and SOEs-private wage differentials for males and females. Based on data from Vietnam Living Standards Survey in 2002 (VLSS 2002), wage equations with and without selectivity correction are estimated by sector of employment for males and females. From these results, the study compares the wage structure by sector of work for males and females. Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of the public administration-private sector wage differentials and the State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs)-private sector wage differentials are carried out. Results, which are controlled for observed characteristics and selection bias, indicate some main points. For men, public workers are paid lower than private workers. For women, public administration wages are lower than private wages. However, SOE wages are higher than private wages for women. The wage differential is mostly due to the differential in characteristics in which public workers have richer characteristics than private workers. In these worker characteristics, education is the most important element accounting for wage differentials. Besides, there are differences in returns to characteristics by sector of work for men and for women. Furthermore, the total unexplained differential has a large contribution of the wage differential in the constant term of public administration vs. private sector and SOE vs. private sector for men and women

A study on the influence of printing orientation in metal printing using material extrusion technology on the mechanical properties of 17-4 stainless steel products

This study investigated the influence of print orientation on the mechanical properties of 17-4 PH stainless steel parts fabricated using material extrusion technology. Tensile test specimens were 3D printed in different orientations (flat, on-edge, and upright), and their mechanical properties were evaluated. The results showed that the print orientation significantly affected the ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation at failure of the specimens. The flat and on-edge orientations exhibited similar mechanical properties, while the upright orientation resulted in lower strength and higher fracture susceptibility. Hardness measurements also indicated variations in hardness distribution among the orientations. The findings emphasize the importance of optimizing the print orientation parameter to achieve desired mechanical characteristics in 17-4 PH stainless steel parts

Laminar Flame Characteristics of 2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF) Biofuel: A Comparative Review with Ethanol and Gasoline

Since the early years of the 21st century, the whole world has faced two very urgent problems: the depletion of fossil energy sources and climate change due to environmental pollution. Among the solutions sought, 2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF) emerged as a promising solution. DMF is a 2nd generation biofuel capable of mass production from biomass. There have been many studies confirming that DMF is a potential alternative fuel for traditional fuels (gasoline and diesel) in internal combustion engines, contributing to solving the problem of energy security and environmental pollution. However, in order to apply DMF in practice, more comprehensive studies are needed. Not out of the above trend, this paper analyzes and discusses in detail the characteristics of DMF's combustible laminar flame and its instability under different initial conditions. The evaluation results show that the flame characteristics of DMF are similar to those of gasoline, although the burning rate of DMF is much higher than that of gasoline. This shows that DMF can become a potential alternative fuel in internal combustion engines

Linear Approximation And Asymptotic Expansion Associated With The System Of Nonlinear Functional Equations

This paper is devoted to the study of the following perturbed system of nonlinear functional equations x ∊Ω=[-b,b], i = 1,…., n; where ε is a small parameter, aijk; bijk are the given real constants, Rijk, Sijk , Xijk : Ω → Ω ,gi → Ω →ℝ , Ψ: Ω x ℝ2→ ℝ are the given continuous functions and ƒi :Ω →ℝ are unknown functions. First, by using the Banach fixed point theorem, we find sufficient conditions for the unique existence and stability of a solution of (E). Next, in the case of Ψ ∊ C2(Ω x ℝ2; ℝ); we investigate the quadratic convergence of (E). Finally, in the case of Ψ ∊ CN(Ω x ℝ2; ℝ) and ε sufficiently small, we establish an asymptotic expansion of the solution of (E) up to order N + 1 in ε. In order to illustrate the results obtained, some examples are also give