3 research outputs found
Proximate composition and mineral content in different, types of traditional TOGWA used in Tanzania as a weaning food
Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2001, Vol. 4(2) :65-74Six types of traditional togwa (a traditional fermented gruel prepared from a mixture of malted and unmalted cereal grains), six simulated togwa and their ingredients were analysed for proximate composition, energy and mineral contents. The cereals used were maize (Zea mays), finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Malt was prepared from sorghum and finger millet. The: concentration of protein in traditional and simulated togwa was higher compared to their main ingredients. The ranges were 9.1-12.5, 9.9-12.9 and 8.7-12.0% respectively. Crude fibre was also higher in traditional and simulated togwa than in the main ingredients, while carbohydrate percent of DM and energy contents were lower than in the ingredients. Ash contents in traditional togwa was 1.44-2.21% and for simulated togwa 1.32-2.2%. Results for mineral contents indicated that phosphorus; magnesium and potassium were the major mineral constituents in both the traditional togwa and laboratory simulated samples. In the traditional and simulated togwa samples, phosphorus content ranged, respectively befween 196-334 and 191-332 (mg/100g), magnesium between 59.5-123.7 and 59.4-123 (mg/100g) and potassium between 167-315 and 167-313 (mg/100g). Calcium range was 3.95-12.32 (mg/100g) in traditional togwa and 3.40-11.92 (mg/100g) in simulated togwa compared to 5.57-14.59 (mg/100g) in the main ingredients. Iron, zinc and copper contents were slightly higher in traditional and in simulated togwa compared to their levels in the main ingredients. Iron ranged between 18.5-23.8 and 18.5-24.8 (mg/100g) in traditional and simulated samples respectively, and zinc ranged between 1.39- 1. 82 (mg/100g) in traditional togwa and 1.41-1.81 (mg/100g) in simulated samples. The contant of coppel in traditional and simulated togwa were 0. 33 - 0.69 and 0.32-0.70 (mg/100g), respectively. Apparently, the choice of cereal and malt and the processes of germination and fermentation for togwa production affects the proportions of nutrients found in the product. This results in different types of togwa with variation in proximate composition, energy density and mineral content
Proximate composition and mineral content in different, types of traditional TOGWA used in Tanzania as a weaning food
Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2001, Vol. 4(2) :65-74Six types of traditional togwa (a traditional fermented gruel prepared from a mixture of malted and unmalted cereal grains), six simulated togwa and their ingredients were analysed for proximate composition, energy and mineral contents. The cereals used were maize (Zea mays), finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Malt was prepared from sorghum and finger millet. The: concentration of protein in traditional and simulated togwa was higher compared to their main ingredients. The ranges were 9.1-12.5, 9.9-12.9 and 8.7-12.0% respectively. Crude fibre was also higher in traditional and simulated togwa than in the main ingredients, while carbohydrate percent of DM and energy contents were lower than in the ingredients. Ash contents in traditional togwa was 1.44-2.21% and for simulated togwa 1.32-2.2%. Results for mineral contents indicated that phosphorus; magnesium and potassium were the major mineral constituents in both the traditional togwa and laboratory simulated samples. In the traditional and simulated togwa samples, phosphorus content ranged, respectively befween 196-334 and 191-332 (mg/100g), magnesium between 59.5-123.7 and 59.4-123 (mg/100g) and potassium between 167-315 and 167-313 (mg/100g). Calcium range was 3.95-12.32 (mg/100g) in traditional togwa and 3.40-11.92 (mg/100g) in simulated togwa compared to 5.57-14.59 (mg/100g) in the main ingredients. Iron, zinc and copper contents were slightly higher in traditional and in simulated togwa compared to their levels in the main ingredients. Iron ranged between 18.5-23.8 and 18.5-24.8 (mg/100g) in traditional and simulated samples respectively, and zinc ranged between 1.39- 1. 82 (mg/100g) in traditional togwa and 1.41-1.81 (mg/100g) in simulated samples. The contant of coppel in traditional and simulated togwa were 0. 33 - 0.69 and 0.32-0.70 (mg/100g), respectively. Apparently, the choice of cereal and malt and the processes of germination and fermentation for togwa production affects the proportions of nutrients found in the product. This results in different types of togwa with variation in proximate composition, energy density and mineral content
Growth and development of wetland-grown taro under different plant populations and seedbed types in Uganda
Taro [ Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] is a member of the Araceace
family that is a staple food for many people in developing countries in
Africa, Asia and the Pacific Islands. It is widely grown in Uganda but
the extent of its production and consumption is not known, partly
because it has been ignored as legitimate crop for research and
development (R&D), and it is managed outside the conventional
agricultural production, marketing and economic channels. Therefore,
there is limited information on many aspects of taro, including
agronomic practices. In order obtain data that can support improved and
sustainable taro production, a field trial was conducted over two
cropping seasons at Kabanyolo in central Uganda, to determine the
effect of three taro plant populations (10,000, 17,760 and 40,000 pph)
and two seedbed types (flat and ridged seedbed) on growth and yield of
taro. The treatments were arranged in a split - split - plots design,
with three replications. Seedbed type was in the main plot and plant
populations in the sub-plots. These were further split to accommodate
five sampling dates for plant growth. Each experimental subplot
measured 6 m x 6 m and contained 36, 64 and 144 experimental plants,
respectively. During a 5-month growth period, leaf area index (LAI) and
corm yield were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in closely spaced
plants (high plant population). Seedbed type had no (P>0.05) effect
on taro growth and yield. However, using high plant population may not
be recommended because of the enormous amount of planting material that
would be needed. From this study, a moderately wide spacing of 0.75 m x
0.75 m which produced an acceptable yield of 5.5 - 6.8 t ha-1 would be
recommended.Le Taro [ Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] est membre de la famille
Araceace qui est un aliment de base pour un grand nombre de personnes
dans les pays en développement en Afrique, Asie et Pacifique. Le
Taro est largement cultivé dans bon nombre de zones humides en
Ouganda, mais comme une activité de production informel
gérée sans appui de la recherche et la vulgarisation
agricole. Par conséquent, il y a peu de renseignements sur de
nombreux aspects de Taro, y compris les pratiques agronomiques. Afin
d’obtenir des données qui peuvent soutenir une production
durable et améliorée de Taro, un essai au champ avait
été établi au centre de l’Ouganda en deux saisons
culturales afin de déterminer l’effet des trois populations
de plantes de Taro (10.000 ; 17.760 et 40.000 plants par hectare (pph)
et deux types de bandes de plantation (plate et rugueuse) sur la
croissance et le rendement de Taro. Les traitements avaient
été organisées en split - split - plot dans un
modèle en blocs completement randomisés avec trois
réplications. La bande de sémis type était dans la
parcelle principale qui avait été divisée pour recevoir
trois populations végétales et celles-ci étaient en plus
divisées pour recevoir cinq dates de plantation
échantillonnées pour la croissance des plantes. Pendant une
période de croissance de 5 mois, l’index de surface de
feuilles (LAI) et le rendement en bulbe Ă©taient significativement
plus élevés (P < 0,05) dans les plantes étroitement
espacées (plante à population dense), tandis que le type de
bande de plantation n’avait pas affecté la croissance et
rendement de Taro. Toutefois, une densité de plantation
élevée pourrait ne pas être recommandée en raison
de la quantité énorme de materiel de plantation qui serait
nécessaire en plus de rendement net réduite par unité de
matériel de plantation. De cette étude, un espacement
modérément large de 0,75 m x 0,75 m qui avait produit un
rendement acceptable de 5,5 - 6,8 tonnes par hectare pourrait ĂŞtre
recommandĂ©. Le choix du type de bande de plantation Ă
être utilisée pour la production de Taro doit dépendre
de la topographie et du degré de l’humidité de la zone
de production