A Study on Walter Benjamin's Thoughts on Fashion Phenomenon

This study is focused on Walter Benjamin’s[i] thought about one of the modernity consequences: the phenomenon of fashion. After industrial revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, fashion appeared in the second half of 19th century in Paris as could be seen in Impressionist paintings. In the beginning, it was considered as mere covering style but in the early of 20th century, especially after World War II, while women’s social and commercial activities decreased, it started to play an important role as an important kind of arts in all modern life fields as economy, power policies, sexism and even protestant movements. Walter Benjamin, one of the most renowned philosophers, art theorists and literary cultural critics of the20th century, and famous thinkers of Frankfurt School, who called Paris capital of the 19th century and Charles Baudelaire[ii] a lyric poet in the era of high Capitalism in his unfinished luminous work: The Arcades Project. In some sections of this book, Benjamin criticized the modern period as the age of technological reproduction, and also studied the fashion issue. Moreover, regarding to the works of Surrealist painters, he studied the collection of The Devil in Paris of Grandville[iii] as an urban organism. The purpose of this research is to study Benjamin's thoughts on the phenomenon of fashion and its relationship with the industrial communities in Europe. The main questions are: According to Benjamin, what factors caused the birth of fashion phenomenon? And how did it become one of the most important form of modern art. My approach in this study is a descriptive-analytic method to explain the ideas of Benjamin in the field of fashion.   Footnotes [i]Walter Benedix Schoen flies Benjamin (1892-1940) [ii]Charles Baudelaire, the French translator, poet, and literary artistic critic, the artist who played a significant role in informing the women and men in his era of their modern industry in the 19th century. Before everything, he is famous due to the collection of the collection of “the flowers of Evil” which is probably the most important and effective poem collection published in Europe in the 19th century (Tahoori, 2005, p. 44). He accompanies a paled face and old human full of nonsense emotions of modernity on the streets of Paris to discover his misery in the heart of his depression and frustration (Shayegan, 2015, p. 25). [iii]J.J. Grandville (1803-1847): It is the French caricaturist of the 19th century who designed clothes for a theatre group in addition to lithography. The subject of his works was mostly the comic combination of animals and human with clothes at different time situations and people mainly welcomed the illustration of contemporary events and characters presented by Grandville

The View Behind Rubber Bars: An Analysis and Examination of Faith and Non-Faith Jail Reentry Programs in Central Florida

This paper examined the usefulness of jail reentry programs as an alternative towards increased jail and prison costs. Policy issues for returning inmates could and often did include future employment prospects, housing and public safety. Prisoner reentry programs generally fell into two broad categories; faith and non-faith based. Generally, non-faith programs were conducted in jail or prison while the individual was incarcerated for an extended period of time.Non-faith type programs involved classes on anger management, G.E.D. attainment, college credits, or alcohol or drug abuse therapy. Faith based programs were generally Christian based, although they usually did not discriminate against other individuals of different religions joining their program. Faith based programs were usually conducted outside of the jail/prison environment. However, a few jails and prisons did keep Bible or religious wings

Choreographing Conflict: Inspiring Change Through Visual and Physical Representations

This thesis examines how art can support and stimulate personal and social change. It addresses the natural and ever-present existence of conflict and analyzes how using the body as a tool for communication can viscerally represent themes of disagreement and resolution. The work of Israeli choreographers Yasmeen Godder and Hillel Kogan are analyzed in a case study to explore different methods of choreographing conflict. Both works successfully, yet contrastingly, demonstrate how the body adds power and emotion to an idea. Parallel to the research component of this thesis is the original choreographed work, Ecotones. The creative method behind Ecotones drew from the research and led to a unique compilation of approaches to choreographing conflict. This process and the resulting choreography highlight the potential impact of creating, dancing, and watching art about resistance, struggle, and connection

FUTURE INTERESTS - ACCELERATION OF CONTINGENT REMAINDERS AFTER WIDOW\u27S ELECTION TO TAKE AGAINST WILL

Testator made specific bequests in the first five items of his will, one bequest being directed to his wife. In the sixth item he gave his wife a life interest in all the property remaining after satisfying items one to five. Item seven provided for a remainder in some specific realty to a niece, and item eight provided that upon the death of the wife and after satisfying item seven, the residue of the estate was to go to five named beneficiaries and to all of his nephews and nieces then living. The widow renounced her share under the will and took her statutory share of one third of all the property. Held, the remainders were accelerated into possessory estates; then living referred to the termination of the previous life estate and not to the death of the life tenant; the termination of the life estate closed the class; and the disappointed legatees under items one to four would be compensated first out of the proceeds of the specific bequest renounced by the widow, and the balance be secured by a lien imposed on the accelerated remainders. Tomb v. Bardo, 153 Kan. 766, 144 P. (2d) 320 (1941)

TAXATION - INCOME TAX - A FIXED INVESTMENT TRUST AS A TAXABLE ASSOCIATION

Bonds of a prescribed kind were deposited in an investment trust with defendant, who issued certificates representing equal undivided interests in the trust corpus. Additional interests were created by the deposit of eligible bonds and sufficient cash to make up the current value of an interest, and all such bonds and cash were commingled. The depositor was not confined in making up the new units to the same kinds of bonds that were used in the original units, but could vary them in his discretion. The depositor could order the elimination of unsound bonds by sale, and the proceeds of such a sale together with interest and the proceeds from called or matured bonds were to become currently distributable funds and could not be reinvested. The commissioner assessed an income tax deficiency against defendant on the ground that it was taxable as an association. Held, the power in the depositor to vary the character of the investment by exercising his discretion in the selection of bonds for additional units constituted business activity and made the trust taxable as an association under the Revenue Act of 1934, § 801(a) (2). Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. North American Bond Trust, (C. C. A. 2d, 1941) 122 F. (2d) 545 (Chase, J., dissenting)

LABOR LAW - NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD - CONFLICTING JURISDICTIONAL AREAS OF NATIONAL AND STATE LABOR BOARDS

The!! National Labor Relations Board proceeded against defendant corporation, which was admittedly engaged in interstate commerce and subject to the National Labor Relations Act, to enforce its order enjoining the use of unfair labor practices and compelling the reinstatement of employees discharged because of union activities. Defendant attacked the board\u27s jurisdiction on the ground that prior to the board\u27s proceeding, the Wisconsin Labor Relations Board, acting under the Wisconsin labor law, had assumed jurisdiction of the case and had disposed of it, thus precluding subsequent action by the National Labor Relations Board. Held, the N. L. R. B. is not prevented from assuming jurisdiction, since there is no record of any formal proceedings or of an ultimate disposition of the case by the Wisconsin board. National Lahar Relations Board v. Algoma Net Co., (C. C. A. 7th, 1941) 124 F. (2d) 730

FEDERAL COURTS - FEDERAL RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE - STATUTES OF LIMITATIONS - COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION

Plaintiff brought suit on some promissory notes in the federal district court in Michigan. The complaint was filed before the expiration of the six-year Michigan statute of limitations, but although the plaintiff used due diligence he was unable to get personal service on defendant until the statutory period had elapsed. Defendant pleaded the statute of limitations. Both the Michigan and the federal procedures provide that a civil action is commenced by filing a complaint with the court. Held, that the filing of the complaint tolled the running of the statute and the plaintiff should therefore be allowed to maintain his action. Schram v. Koppin, (D. C. Mich. 1940) 35 F. Supp. 313

TORTS - LICENSEES - REVOCABILITY OF LICENSE GRANTED BY THEATRE TICKET

Plaintiff was forcibly ejected from defendant\u27s theatre by defendant\u27s employees and brought this action for damages for assault and battery. Defendant offered testimony attempting to justify the ejection on the ground that plaintiff was creating a disturbance. The trial judge instructed the jury that the question of plaintiff\u27s conduct was immaterial and that a theatre owner could eject a patron at any time with or without cause. Held, that the instruction was erroneous. Despite the revocable character of the license granted by a theatre ticket a theatre owner does not have the right to eject a patron without cause. Cummings v. St. Louis Amusement Co., (Mo. App. 1941) 147 S. W. (2d) 190

LABOR LAW - ANTIRACKETEERING ACT NOT APPLICABLE TO LABOR UNIONS

Defendant Teamsters Union and twenty-six individual defendants were convicted for the violation of the Antiracketeering Act. Defendants had by threats of violence forced the owners of all trucks entering the city of New York to pay members of defendant union the regular union wage for driving and unloading a truck regardless of whether the tendered services were accepted. Held, the act was not intended to apply to such labor activity, and defendant did not violate the act if the money was received with the intention of rendering services therefor, even if the services were not accepted. Such payments constituted bona fide wages, the payment of which was exempted from the operation of the act. United States v. Local 807 of International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 315 U.S. 521, 62 S. Ct. 642 (1942)