Comparative evaluation of antibacterial effect of Malva sylvestris L. extract and chlorohexidine on Streptococcus mutans in vitro study

Background: Identifying the best species of medicinal plants and extracting effective substances can be effective in preventing oral and dental illness. The Malva sylvestris L. is among these plants. Malva sylvestris L. belongs to Malvaceae family from which A great deal of (Malvone A: 2-methyl-3-methoxy-5,6-di- hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) anthocyanin and important natural pigments have been extracted. Anthocyanins and other substances of Malva sylvestris own antibacterial properties. Antibacterial properties of Malva sylvestris were investigated on the bacterial species. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial effects of the Malva sylvestris L. extract on the Streptococcus mutans and compare it with the effect of chlorohexidine (0.12%). Methods: This experimental study was carried out at the Shahed University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran in the field of microbiology in January 2016 to September 2016. Methanolic aqueous extract of Malva sylvestris L. was prepared by decoction extraction method. The presence of polyphenol trepnoid, saponine, anthocyanins compounds in the extract was approved by high performance thin layer chromatography. Chromatographic and spectral fingerprint analysis plays an important role in the quality control of complex herbal medicines. The antimicrobial effect of the Malva sylvestris L. on the growth of Streptococcus mutans was evaluated. Results: Extract at different concentrations (16.8-4.2 mg/ml) had an antibacterial effect and compared with commonly used chlorohexidine in dentistry. The non-growth halo against Streptococcus mutans showed an average of 1.66 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration against Streptococcus was 2 mg/ml. The presence of polyphenols, troponides of saponin, was characterized by high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Conclusion: However, antibiotics play an important role in human health, with the increasing occurrence of bacterial resistance against available antibiotics. The results of this study showed that the aqueous-methanolic extract of the Malva sylvestris L. plant has antimicrobial activity affecting Streptococcus mutans. The flowers extract also showed high antibacterial effects against some human pathogen bacteria strains. This property of polyphenolic compounds of the plant, identified by fingerprint analysis, was less susceptible to chlorohexidine than gold standard

Effects of L-NAME on morphometric parameters of stomach parietal cells in pregnant rats

Background: Considering nitric oxide (NO) has an important role in many biologic processes of cells and tissues such as in the digestive system and in this system act as a second messenger in pathological and physiological events in gastrointestinal region, in this study we investigated the effects of L-NG-Nitro arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) as the NO formation inhibitor on parietal cells of stomach in pregnant rats. Methods: Twenty four female rats were prepared and with eight weeks old and 200-250 g weight were used in this study. After matting of the female rats with the male rats, time of observing vaginal plaque considered as the zero day of pregnancy. Then the animals were divided into three groups of studying. Each group was containing eight rats. In this study, except the control group, the saline group received 2 ml/kg normal saline and experimental group received 20 ml/kg L-NAME interaperitoneally (IP), respectively on third, fourth, and fifth days of pregnancy for evaluation of its effects. On the 18th day of pregnancy, after anesthesia with ether, the animals were killed and dissected and the laparotomy was performed to separate the mother’s stomach. Then, the stomach was fixed in 10% formalin and after tissue passage, the sections were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E). Then the changes of count and diameter in parietal cells were observed via light microscopy and Image Tools III. Results: Results of this study after analysis showed the significant changes in parietal cells count (mean 61.3±4.32) and its diameters (mean 16.12±1.18 µm) in L-NAME group in comparison to control and the sham groups in pregnant rats (P≤0.05). Conclusion: Results of this study showed L-NAME with effects on NO synthesis can reduce the count of parietal cells and increase its diameter in pregnant rats and has destructive effects on structure of stomach parietal cells in pregnancy rats

Synergistic Effect of Honey and Propolis on Cutaneous Wound Healing in Rats

Accelerating wound healing is now considered as a principle clinical treatment and increasing the quality and speed of healing which has always been emphasized by the scientists. Propolis and honey are natural bee products with wide range of biological and medicinal properties. This study was aimed to determine the synergistic effect of honey and propolis in wound healing of rat skin. A total of 75 Wistar rats weighing 200-250 gr were placed under general anesthesia and sterile conditions. Then a square shape wound with 1.5*1.5 mm dimension was made on the back of the neck. Animals were randomly divided into control, honey, propolis, combined honey propolis and phenytoin 1% groups, respectively. Rats were randomly divided into the following groups: 4th, 7th and, 14th days of treatment in each period of study. Wound area in the experimental group was covered once daily with a fixed amount of thyme honey, propolis, propolis and honey and phenytoin cream (1%), the control group did not receive any treatment. For histological studies, during the fourth, seventh and fourteenth day’s rats were sacrificed and samples were taken from the wound and adjacent skin. After histological staining fibroblast, neutrophils, macrophages and vascular sections were counted in the wound bed. The macroscopic and microscopic evaluations showed that the percentage of wound healing on different days in the experimental and control groups were significant (P<0.05). The macroscopic and microscopic evaluation showed that the percentage of wound healing on different days in combined propolis and honey experimental group was significantly different from the control group (Multivariate ANOVA test) (P<0.05). Combined application of propolis and honey on the open wound healing in rats has a synergistic effect

Histological study of wound repair with topical aloe vera gel in rat

Background: One of the most important issues in medical sciences is wound healing and repair. Application of natural ingredients and herbs for treating ulcers has been in the history of human life. Nowadays, due to the lack of side effects of medicinal plants and a variety of effective compounds in plants, as well as numerous disadvantages of synthetic drugs there has been tendency to use medicinal plants in clinic. Aloe vera is an herbal drug used for treatment of dermal diseases. In this study we evaluated, effects of aloe vera on the wound healing through the microscopic techniques and cell counting. Methods: In this experimental study, sixty Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were placed under general anesthesia and sterile conditions. Then a square shape wound with 1.5&acute;1.5 mm dimension was made on the back of the neck. Rats were randomly divided to control and experimental group&rsquo;s. Each group was divided to three subgroups with 4, 7, and 14 study days. In 1st experimental group aloe vera was used twice on the wound surface and in 2nd experimental group was used once daily and the positive control group were applied phenytoin cream 1% from the zero days of surgery. The control group did not get any treatment on the wound surface. For histological studies, during the fourth, seventh and fourteenth day&rsquo;s rats were sacrificed and samples were taken from the wound area and adjacent skin. After histological staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson&#39;s trichrome stains, the cells were counted, wound surface and wound healing were investigated. Results: The macroscopic and microscopic evaluation showed that wound healing increased because the fibroblast numbers in two experimental groups improved compared with control group. The percentage of wound healing on different days in the experimental and control groups were significant. Data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA test and P< 0.05 was significant. Conclusion: Present study showed that the twice application of topical aloe vera mucilage can result in rapid wound healing in rats

PMSG and HCG hormones effect on the development and growth of ovarian follicles

Objective Gonadotropins are generally used in animals and humans to stimulate ovulation and increase the number of available oocytes for techniques such as in vitro fertilization. Ovulation-inducing drugs are used to achieve multiple oocytes in one cycle, thereby increasing the chances of pregnancy in patients with infertility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gonadotropins on stimulation of ovulation and their inductive role on the growth and development of follicles in the ovary. Methods To determine the effect of human chronic gonadotrophin (HCG) and pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) on ovary, this study used 20 rats that were randomly divided to experimental and control groups. Rats were subsequently euthanized 48 h after injection and the ovaries were fixed and stained with H&E. Data were analyzed with Tukey’s multiple comparisons with one-way ANOVA test in GraphPad Prism software. Result Our analysis demonstrated that HCG and PMSG hormones will significantly increase the number of stimulated oocyte in the ovary but it does not have any significant role on the ovary weight and volume (P < 0.05). Conclusion This study’s results confirmed the inductive role of PMSG and HCG hormones on folliculogenesis