Dynamic broadcasting in vehicular ad hoc networks

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a subclass of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). VANETs provide a variety of interesting applications. Many of these applications rely on broadcasting of messages to other vehicles. The simplest broadcasting algorithm is flooding. Because of a large number of vehicles during peak hour, blindly flooding may lead to packet collision and high contention named broadcast storm problem. This paper presents a broadcasting approach for safety messages that dynamically adjust waiting time of a vehicle according to the number of neighbor vehicles and distance to source. We evaluate the performance of our proposed approach in terms of reachability, reliability. The simulation results show our protocol introduces better performance than flooding and random waiting time protocol

An Improved model for OKP product planning stage in a cloud-based design environment

Nowadays, in the software world, cloud computing has great importance. This massive network has reduced the cost of software for users, but has risen in revenue from manufacturers, the products of the one-of-a-kind (OKP) companies are cloud-based, and customers access the software through the cloud, In this architecture, the company places part of the software that is expensive and does not have the ability to buy for the cloud on cloud servers, and users can connect with the cloud to the cloud using this software, But since the number of users is greater than the number of servers, they must run a scheduling mechanism to execute requests, We present a timing system for OKP products in this paper, compared with two other methods, the simulation results show the superiority of the proposed method

An analytical model for sparse and dense vehicular ad hoc networks

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET), a subclass of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), is a promising approach for the intelligent transportation system (ITS). The design of routing protocols in VANETs is important and necessary issue for support the smart ITS. The key difference of VANET and MANET is the special mobility pattern and rapidly changeable topology. Besides, the temporary network fragmentation problem and the broadcast storm problem are further considered for designing protocols in VANETs. The temporary network fragmentation problem which happens in sparse network caused by rapidly changeable topology influence on the performance of data transmissions. The broadcast storm problem in dense network seriously affects the successful rate of message delivery in VANETs. This paper presents an analytical model for sparse and dense Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

BSM: broadcasting of safety messages in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a special type of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). VANETs provide a collection of interesting safety applications. Many of these applications rely on broadcasting of messages to other vehicles. The simplest broadcasting algorithm is flooding. Because of large number of vehicles during peak hour, blindly flooding may lead to packet collision and high contention named broadcast storm problem. This paper presents a new broadcasting approach for safety messages (BSM) that dynamically adjusts waiting time of a vehicle according to the number of neighbor vehicles and distance to source. We evaluate the performance of our proposed approach in terms of reachability, overhead and forwarding node ratio. The simulation results show BSM introduces better performance than AMB

Broadcasting in Connected and Fragmented Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

This paper starts with an overview of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) and their characteristics. Then this paper reviews diverse applications of VANETs and the requirements of these applications. In addition it reviews VANETs standards, different broadcasting presented in a variety of studies, and also associated issues with data dissemination in connected and fragmented vehicular networks to solve broadcast storm problem and temporary disconnected VANETs. The discussion will be about the encountered challenges and presented solutions with respect to the related issues, based on the literature and strength and weakness of each protocol

Bulge Cells of Rat Hair Follicles: Isolation, Cultivation, Morphological and Biological Features

Objective: Transplants of multipotent stem cells have been shown to have a neuroprotectiveeffect after central nervous system injury. The bulge region of the hair follicle hasbeen reported as a putative source of hair follicle stem cells (HFSC) for many years;however, few studies have documented the properties of bulge derived cells in vitro untilnow. This study was conducted to isolate and culture bulge cells from rat hair folliclesand to determine the morphological and biological features of the cultured cells.Materials and Methods: The bulge region of the rat whisker was isolated and culturedin Dulbecco's modified eagle medium: nutrient mixture F-12 (DMEM/F12) supplementedwith epidermal growth factor (EGF), cholera toxin. Dissociated bulge stemcells were differentiated on coated substrates together with NT-3. The morphologicaland biological features of cultured bulge cells were observed by light microscopy andimmunocytochemistry methods.Results: Our results showed that newly proliferated cells could be observed on the 4thday after explantation. The expression of a neural progenitor marker, nestin, was seenbefore differentiation of the bulge cells. The differentiated cells expressed βIII-Tubulinand RIP, which are the markers of neural and glial lineages.Conclusion: The results indicated that the bulge cells cultured from the rat hair folliclehad the characteristics of stem cells and could differentiate into neural and glial lineages

The effect of a vaginal suppository formulation of dill (Anethum graveolens) in comparison to clotrimazole vaginal tablet on the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis

The goal of this study was to compare the effect of Anethum graveolens (dill) vaginal suppositories and 100 mg clotrimazole vaginal tablets on vulvovaginal Candidiasis. This study was a single centre, single-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, in which 60 women with microbiology-confirmed vulvovaginal candidiasis were randomly assigned to dill and clotrimazole groups. At the end of the study, the estimated prevalence of leucorrhoea, burning, and itching was 23%, 23% and 20% in dill users, respectively. This figure was 20%, 10% and 16.7% for the clotrimazole group, respectively. The difference between the two groups was not significant. 13% of suppository patients, compared with 10% of clotrimazole-treatment patients, had a positive culture, which was not significant (p = .68). According to findings, 2% dill vaginal suppositories were as effective as clotrimazole vaginal tablets in reducing both clinical and microbiological symptoms of Candidiasis. Studies with larger sample sizes are required to confirm current findings.Impact statement What is already known on the subject? Based on results from in vivo and in vitro animal studies, dill (Anethum graveolens) has anti-candida activity. What do the results of this study add? It appears that 2% dill vaginal suppositories were as effective as 100 mg clotrimazole vaginal tablets in reducing both the clinical and microbiological symptoms. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and further research? Obstetricians and gynaecologists can offer dill as a useful alternative to chemical drugs, especially in women who are often interested in herbal medicine, or in women who are resistant or are not allowed to use antifungal drugs