Ecuador: análisis económico del desarrollo del sector agropecuario e industrial en el periodo 2000-2018.

Los sectores agropecuarios e industrial son de vital importancia para la economía ecuatoriana. A lo largo de los años el sector agropecuario ha sido el sustento económico del país, hasta los años 1970 el Ecuador se caracterizaba por tener como base la agricultura prevaleciendo cerca del 30% del PIB, luego conforme han pasado los años se dio inicio al nacimiento del sector industrial con el fin de buscar nuevas alternativas de ingresos para el país, es así que, bajo este contexto la presente investigación tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis económico sobre el desarrollo del Sector Agropecuario e Industrial del Ecuador en el periodo del 2000 al 2018, para ello se plantea dos análisis: un análisis macro y luego uno micro; el análisis macro del sector Agropecuario e Industrial a nivel mundial presenta un estudio histórico de ambos sectores y la importancia que brindan a la economía y el análisis del entorno micro aborda el Sector Agropecuario e Industrial. Para cumplir con el objetivo se realizó una metodología de enfoque cuantitativo de tipo descriptiva por medio de los datos estadísticos. Como conclusión se determinó que el sector con mayor aporte de ingresos ha sido el sector Industrial desde sus inicios donde ha demostrado ser el punto de inflexión para que el país se sumerja a las vías de desarrollo

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Physiopathology and Therapeutic Management of Stage I and Ii Endometriosis

Stage I and II endometriosis is defined by a r-AFS score respectively ranging from 1 to 5 and from 6 to 15. This mild, superficial endometriosis is a very common pathology occurring in infertile women. Nevertheless, these women with stage I/II endometriosis have usually few pelvic pain. This review summarizes the recent literature concerning new data on the pathogenesis of peritoneal endometriosis and its clinical management. Retrograde menstruation, peritoneal adhesion of shed endometrial tissue, and outgrowth of endometrial cells, glands and stroma, are essential elements in the pathogenesis of endometriosis according to Sampson's classic implantation theory. Nevertheless, exact pathophysiology of endometriosis remains unknown. Superficial endometriotic lesions observed by laparoscopy have to be treated. Surgical procedure is not difficult for stage I and II of endometriosis. Surgical procedure remains controversial. Carbon dioxide (CO2) Laser can be used for laparoscopic destruction of endometriosis. Newer procedures, such as SurgiTouch (Lumenis), are more effective in vaporization and decrease the risk thermal damage of contiguous structures. The monopolar scissors can also be used in order to excise the peritoneal endometriotic lesions. Medical treatment may be usefull if surgical treatment is not complete or if the pelvic cavity is hypervascularized. In these cases, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone agonists (Gn-RHa) are the most common and effective treatment

Regret after Tubal Sterilization

OBJECTIVE: To examine thoroughly the profile and motivations of a group of women who regretted sterilization so much that they were prepared to undergo reversal microsurgery or in vitro fertilization treatment. MATERIAL: and methods. The study followed one hundred women from their first consultation for a period of 3 years in order to analyze the outcome of their initial decision. RESULTS: Analysis of the circumstances at the time of the sterilization indicate 3 main factors which later caused the women to regret the decision Three years after the initial consultation, 69% of the patients have withdrawn from further investigation and /or treatment for different reasons analyzed in this study. 17 of the patients have undergone reversal microsurgery and 14 have attempted one or more in vitro fertilization treatments. Of these 31 patients, 12 (38.7%) have given birth to at least one child. CONCLUSION: These results sufficiently prove that tubal sterilization is worthy of consideration as much by the patient as by the physician as a method of irreversible contraception despite the developments in tubal microsurgery or in medically assisted procreation

Expression pattern of metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix-metalloproteinases in cycling human endometrium

The cyclic growth, differentiation, and cell death of endometrium represents the most dynamic example of steroid-driven tissue turnover in human adults. Key effectors in these processes-matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their specific inhibitors (TIMPs)-are regulated by ovarian steroids and, locally, by cytokines. We used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to evaluate the expression of both transcriptionally regulated molecules such as estrogen receptor-alpha, progesterone receptor, and prolactin and a large array of MMPs and TIMPs (MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -8, -9, -11, -12, -19, -26, MT1-MMP, MT2-MMP, MT3-MMP, TIMP-1, -2, -3). Altogether, three distinct patterns of MMP and two patterns of TIMP expression were detected in cycling endometrium: 1). MMPs restricted to the menstrual period (MMPs-1, -3, -8, -9, -12); 2). MMPs and TIMPs expressed throughout the cycle (MMP-2, MT1-MMP, MT2-MMP, MMP-19, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2); 3). MMPs predominantly expressed during the proliferative phase (MMP-7, MMP-11, MMP-26, and MT3-MMP); and 4). TIMP-3, which, contrary to the other TIMPs, shows significant modulations, with maximum expression during the late secretory and menstrual phases. These specific patterns of MMP expression associated with each phase of the cycle may point to specific roles in the processes of menstruation, housekeeping activities, angiogenesis, tissue growth, and extracellular matrix remodeling

Image of the Month. Perineal Ulcer in a Spinal Bifida Patient

peer reviewe

Therapeutic Progress in Gynecology: Organic Diseases

peer reviewedOver the last ten years, progress in evidence-based medicine coupled with technological and surgical breakthroughs have deeply changed the management of our patients. Uterine bleeding is the first cause of gynaecological consultation and the intrauterine progestin delivery system as well as new hysteroscopic procedures have optimized the therapeutic approach to this problem. Introduction of magnetic resonance imaging and interventional procedures have improved breast disease diagnosis and management; likewise sentinel node localization, introduction of aromatase and growth factors inhibitors, new radiotherapy procedures and pharmacogenomics, have helped to ameliorate breast cancer treatment. Pelvic surgery has been switching more and more towards laparoscopic procedures not only in the field of benign lesions (eg endometriosis), of surgery of prolapse and incontinence with new prosthetic materials, but also for an improved management of gynaecological cancers