НОВЫЕ ВАРИАНТЫ ГЕНОМА РОССИЙСКИХ ДЕТЕЙ С ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИ ОБУСЛОВЛЕННЫМИ КАРДИОМИОПАТИЯМИ, ВЫЯВЛЕННЫЕ МЕТОДОМ МАССОВОГО ПАРАЛЛЕЛЬНОГО СЕКВЕНИРОВАНИЯ

Background: Cardiomyopathies in children are serious, continuously progressing myocardium diseases which are characterized by a variety of the causes, symptoms, implications, and high lethality. More than 400 genes that can cause hereditary heart and vessels diseases are described in scientific literature. The application of a high-performance method of massive parallel sequencing allows to conduct the investigation of genome extended targeted areas revealing the variants and analyzing them (bioinformatics) for pathogenicity.Aims: Identification of a genetic etiology of hereditary cardiomyopathies development in children’s population of the Russian Federation.Materials and methods: The research included 103 patients with various phenotypes of cardiomyopathies aged from 3 months up to 17 years 9 months who at the moment of examination were observed in the cardiology department and the department of recovery treatment with cardiovascular diseases in the NMRCCH. All patients were performed massive parallel sequencing analyzing the targeted areas of 404 genes which mutations lead to the development of heart and vessels hereditary diseases.Results: The diagnostic algorithm based on the method of a massive parallel sequencing was developed. 176 258 minor options were identified in the explored target areas of genome of 103 patients. An average number of the revealed nucleotide replacements different from the reference sequence was 1711. We observed that about 40% of all variants founded by our means were found in MYH7, MYBPC3, TTN, MYH6, SCN5A, DSC2 and TPM1 genes. Bioinformatics analysis allowed revealing 68 novel genome variants associated with cardiomyopathy development. The reliable association of carriage of pathogenic option in MYBPC3 gene with development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the Russian children was found.Conclusions: The application of the offered algorithm allowed establishing laboratory diagnoses to 99 (96.1%) patients out from 103 investigated subjects including the syndromal and non-syndromal forms of heart and vessels hereditary diseases which showed a cardiomyopathy phenotype.Обоснование. Кардиомиопатии у детей относятся к тяжелым, непрерывно прогрессирующим заболеваниям миокарда, характеризующимся разнообразием причин, симптомов и проявлений, высокой летальностью. В мировой литературе описано более 400 генов, мутации которых приводят к развитию генетически обусловленных болезней сердца и сосудов. Применение высокопроизводительного метода массового параллельного секвенирования позволяет проводить исследование протяженных таргетных областей генома для обнаружения вариантов и их дальнейшего биоинформатического анализа на предмет патогенности.Цель исследования — выявление генетической этиологии развития наследственных кардиомиопатий среди детского населения России.Методы. В исследование были включены 103 пациента с различными фенотипами кардиомиопатий в возрасте от 3 мес до 17 лет 9 мес на момент обследования, наблюдавшиеся в кардиологическом отделении и отделении восстановительного лечения детей с болезнями сердечно-сосудистой системы ФГАУ «НМИЦ здоровья детей». Всем пациентам методом массового параллельного секвенирования проведен анализ таргетных областей 404 генов, мутации в которых приводят к развитию наследственных болезней сердца и сосудов.Результаты. Разработан диагностический алгоритм на основе метода массового параллельного секвенирования. Идентифицировано 176 258 минорных вариантов у 103 пациентов в исследуемых целевых регионах генома. В среднем у каждого пациента выявлено 1711 нуклеотидных замен, отличающихся от референсной последовательности. Установлено, что около 40% обнаруженных нами вариантов приходится на гены MYH7, MYBPC3, TTN, MYH6, SCN5A, DSC2 и TPM1. Биоинформатический анализ позволил выявить 68 новых вариантов генома, ассоциированных с развитием кардиомиопатий. Обнаружена достоверная ассоциация носительства патогенного варианта гена MYBPC3 с развитием гипертрофической кардиомиопатии у российских детей — OR 3,17 (1,36–11,72; p=0,009).Заключение. Применение предложенного алгоритма позволило установить лабораторные диагнозы 99 (96,1%) пациентам из 103 обследованных, в том числе с синдромальными и несиндромальными формами наследственных болезней сердца и сосудов, проявляющимися фенотипом кардиомиопатии

CLINIC, DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF GALACTOSEMIA

The data of different firms of hereditary galactosemia was analyzed in this article. Clinical and biochemical characteristics and molecular and genetic features of diagnostics of this disease were described. The information about differential diagnosis and problems, related with hereditary galactozemia screening in Russia was given.Key words: children, galactosemia, treatment, screening

Clinical and genetic aspects of albinism

V.V.&nbsp;Kadyshev, S.A.&nbsp;Ryazhskaya, O.V.&nbsp;Khalanskaya, N.V.&nbsp;Zhurkova, R.A.&nbsp;Zinchenko Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russian Federation Albinism is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary diseases whose pathogenesis is mediated by impaired synthesis of melanin which results in its partial or total loss. Reduced melatonin level clinically manifests as skin, hair, and ocular hypopigmentation. Ocular presentations include hypopigmentation/lack of pigmentation of eye fundus and iris, foveal hypoplasia, low vision, nystagmus and strabismus, photophobia, iris transillumination, and asymmetrical decussation of nerve fibers at the optic chiasm. However, albinism can be a part of more complex genetic syndromes, e.g., Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome or Chediak-Higashi syndrome. These disorders should be identified as early as possible to start therapy to prevent life-threatening conditions. Partial albinism with ocular, skin or hair hypopigmentation not associated with melanogenesis (e.g., Griscelli syndrome, Waardenburg syndrome, Aland Island eye disease, etc.) also occurs. Each case of albinism requir es an accurate molecular genetic diagnosis to provide a personalized treatment approach, predict life expectancy and health status, and plan pregnancy. Keywords: albinism, Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, hypopigmentation, clinical polymorphism, genetic heterogeneity. For citation: Kadyshev V.V., Ryazhskaya S.A., Khalanskaya O.V. et al. Clinical and genetic aspects of albinism. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2021;21(3):175–180 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2021-21-3-175-180. </p

GENETIC FOUNDATIONS OF THE BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

The article overviews the results of the studies of the genetic foundations of predisposition to the bronchial asthma. The authors provide detailed information on the molecular and genetic mechanisms of the bronchial asthma, roles performed by the polymorphisms of the interleukin genes and their receptors, IgE receptors, adrenergic receptors, CYS-LT enzymes in the pathogenesis of this disease, as well as their impact on the effectiveness of the drug therapy.Key words: bronchial asthma, genetic predisposition, pharmacogenetics

A CASE OF PERSISTANT INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION IN A 7 YEARS OLD GIRL WITH MULTIPLE HEREDITARY EXOSTOSIS AND CRANIOSTENOSIS

The article demonstrates a case of rare hereditary syndrome observation — with the multiple hereditary exostosis (MHE) syndrome in a 7 years old girl. The article covers hereditary and clinical features and life prognosis of the syndrome.Key words: intracranial hypertension, multiple hereditary exostosis (MHE) syndrome, craniostenosis, children.</strong

A CLINICAL CASE: DIAGNOSTICS OF SHERESHEVSKY TERNER SYNDROME WITH MULTIPLE CONGENITAL ANOMALIES IN MAIN ARTERIES OF A 4 YEAR OLD CHILD, SUFFERING FROM ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

The article provides a substantiation for the differential diagnostics of the symptomatic arterial hypertension of a 4 year old child, suffering from the arterial hypertension of the presumably renoparenchymal origin. In the course of the clinical examination, the researchers found out coarctation of aorta and hypoplasia of the right renal artery as a part of Shereshevsky-Terner syndrome.Key words: arterial hypertension, Shereshevsky-Terner syndrome, coarctation of aorta, renovascular hypertension

POLYMORPHISM OF THE GENE OF β2-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR AND EFFICIENCY OF THE BRONCHOLYTIC THERAPY AMONG CHILDREN WITH BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

The variability of the pharmacological response to β2-agonists may be due to the polymorphism of the gene of β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRβ2). The objective of our research was to evaluate the significance of ADRβ2 gene polymorphism in the 16th amino acid position in the efficiency of broncholytic therapy by β2-agonists agonists among children with bronchial asthma. We defined the type of ADRβ2 gene among 208 children with bronchial asthma of various severity by means of polymerase chain reaction. The distribution of the patients into two groups was carried out subject to the efficiency of the β2-agonists agonist based short term therapy during the exacerbation of bronchial asthma. 171 children received the inhaled glucocorticoids. The researchers singled out statistically significant differences of the genotype distribution. the gly/gly16 homozygous allele was discovered twice as often in the group with an insufficient response to β2-agonists agonists than in the group with a good response (66 v. 38%, р &lt; 0,001), while in the distribution of the heterozygous allele the researchers uncovered the inverse pattern (55 v. 28%, р &lt; 0,001). In the arg/arg16 genotype distribution, there were no considerable differences in both groups (6% in each group). In the subgroups of children, receiving the high doses of the inhaled glucocorticoids, the researchers traced the trend for the gly/gly16 homozygous allele prevalence. conclusions: we have discovered the association of the gly/gly16 genotype of the ADRβ2 gene with an insufficient effect of broncholytic therapy by means of short term β2-agonists agonists; we also revealed the participation of the gly16 allele in the phenotype formation with the severe run of bronchial asthma and to lerance towards the therapy both by β2-agonists agonists and inhaled glucocorticoids.Key words: bronchial asthma, β2-adrenergic receptor, children, treatment

GLYCOSYLATION DISORDER SYNDROME TYPE 1b: DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT

The article highlights the medical case of a rare hereditary disease — glycosylation disorder syndrome type 1b, unique for our country. This syndrome is referred to the heterogeneous group of the congenital diseases characterized by the disorder of glycoprotein synthesis as a result of the defects N or O glycosylation. Manifestations of the disease are protein losing enteropathy and severe developmental delay, hypoglycemia, co agulopathy (thrombosis), liver injury. glycosylation disorder syndrome type 1b differs from other types of this group absence of the neurologic semiology and efficiency of therapy by mannose.Key words: glycoproteins, glycosylation disorders, manifestations, mannose, children

GLYCOSYLATION DISORDER SYNDROME TYPE 1b: DIAGNOSTICS AND TREATMENT

The article highlights the medical case of a rare hereditary disease — glycosylation disorder syndrome type 1b, unique for our country. This syndrome is referred to the heterogeneous group of the congenital diseases characterized by the disorder of glycoprotein synthesis as a result of the defects N or O glycosylation. Manifestations of the disease are protein losing enteropathy and severe developmental delay, hypoglycemia, co agulopathy (thrombosis), liver injury. glycosylation disorder syndrome type 1b differs from other types of this group absence of the neurologic semiology and efficiency of therapy by mannose.Key words: glycoproteins, glycosylation disorders, manifestations, mannose, children