Analisis Pohon Penghasil Buah-buahan Hutan yang Terdapat di Hutan Alam Kantuk Kecamatan Sepauk Kabupaten Sintang

Plants producing forest fruits is one of the natural resources that has an important role of forest communities the suply, including the kind of fruit that has been used by people around the forest for food and other necessities . This study aims is to determine the diversity of fruits -producing trees that can be consumed by the forest around the District Nature Forest Kantuk Sub District Sepauk District Sintang . The method used is the method of combination of method and line method checkered path. 4 lines of observation , length 500 m , width of lanes and 20 x 20 m , 200 m spacing between lines . Observation plots measuring 10 x 10 m for poles and 20 x 20 m for tree level . The results found that the overall number of poles 57 vegetation types and levels of 58 types of trees . Fruit -producing trees for poles 21 forest types and levels of 19 species of trees The highest of Important Value Index (IVI) of overall vegetation at level poles and tree is derived from Purang (Macaraga sp) and Perepat (Sonneratia alba JB Sn) respectively are 28.7218%; 45.8161%. While the highest of Important Value Indeks (IVI) for Fruits producing free at poles and tree is derived from Tengkawang (Shorea sp) that are 69.5018; 100.9681%. and for fruit tree in poles and tree level are 0.8987 and 0.8464. Keywords : Trees , Fruits , Natural Forests , Important Value Index, species diversit

Identifikasi Hama Kutu Putih pada Bibit Sengon (Falcataria Moluccana (Miq.) Barneby And J.W Grimes) di Persemaian Puslitbang Kehutanan

Commercial and community plantation of sengon commonly know as Moluccan albizia (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby and J.W Grimes) requires qualified transplant, but the supply of such transplant seed is constrained by mealybug pest attack in the nursery. The purpose of this study is to identify the mealybug species that attack Moluccan albizia seeds. Observation of the symptoms mealybug attack in the nursery and identification of mealybug species has been performed in the nursery of Forest Research Center, Bogor. The results were mealybug that attack nursery was Ferrisia virgata belong to the famili Pseudococcidae, the Order Hemiptera. White mealybug colonized the stems and leaves of seeds. The leaves fall and plant wilted when the attack become serous. Predator Curinus coerulus and Coccinella repanda was suggested to be used to control mealybug

Sentence Scramble Game: Media Pembelajaran Sintaksis Pada Anak Tunarungu Tingkat Sekolah Dasar

This research aims to produce the software of Sentence Scramble Game (SSG)as a syntax learning media for deaf children. Learning syntax includes the discussionabout sentence structures and functional orders. The method employed in this studyis research and development (R & D) adopting the model development of Borg & Gall,which covers ten steps simplified into six steps, namely: 1) analysis, 2) design, 3)development, 4) expert validation, 5) testing, and 6) disseminations. The subjects inthis research were 7 students of Karnamanohara Type B Special School. The methodsof data collection are direct observation, interview and questionnaires. The data wereanalyzed by descriptively and qualitatively. The results of this research show thatSentence Scramble Games (SSG) are eligible, proven by the results of the materialvalidation test with good category (4.0) and the media expert's trial results with verygood category (4.2). The assessment of the feasibility of the media is also supportedby the trial results of three persons with excellent categories (4.1). A large scale trialby seven people results in the excellent category (4.6)

Studi Adopsi Cabai Merah Varietas Tanjung-2 Hasil Penelitian Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran Di Kabupaten Ciamis Provinsi Jawa Barat

Kontribusi Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran (Balitsa) sebagai institusi pemerintah penghasil teknologi baru, termasuk varietas dalam meningkatkan pendapatan petani masih belum diketahui. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat adopsi dan kontribusi cabai merah varietas Tanjung-2 dari Balitsa dalam meningkatkan keuntungan petani serta mengetahui tingkat pengembalian investasi (ROI) biaya penelitian dan diseminasi dari cabai merah varietas Tanjung-2. Penelitian evaluasi ex-post ini dilakukan di Desa Cibeureum, Kabupaten Ciamis pada bulan Agustus-September 2013. Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan metode Fokus Grup Diskusi (FGD) dan wawancara individual menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur. Responden yang diwawancara adalah 15 petani adopter dan 15 petani nonadopter varietas Tanjung-2. Selain itu wawancara informal juga dilakukan terhadap seorang petani kunci di Ciamis, seorang pemulia dan seorang peneliti dari Balitsa yang menghasilkan dan mendiseminasikan varietas Tanjung-2 di Ciamis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada periode tahun 2008–2012 varietas Tanjung-2 telah ditanam petani seluas lebih dari 600 ha yang tersebar di Kabupaten Tasikmalaya, Garut, Majalengka, Cirebon, Indramayu, Sumedang, dan Cianjur. Khususnya di Kabupaten Ciamis, pada tahun 2012 varietas Tanjung-2 telah diadopsi seluas 140 ha yang tersebar di 10 kecamatan. Adopsi varietas Tanjung-2 di Ciamis dapat meningkatkan profit petani sebesar 52,9 juta rupiah per hektar. Total peningkatan profit yang diterima petani dari adopsi varietas Tanjung-2 seluas 140 ha adalah 7,4 milyar rupiah. Tingkat pengembalian investasi (ROI) biaya penelitian dan diseminasi cabai merah varietas Tanjung-2 di Ciamis adalah sebesar 2.558%. Artinya setiap Rp100,00 yang dialokasikan Balitsa untuk biaya penelitian dan diseminasi varietas Tanjung-2 memberikan peningkatan profit sebesar Rp2.558,00 bagi petani adopter atau 25 kali lipat dari biaya investasi yang dikeluarkan

Perceived risk of infection and death from COVID-19 among community members of low- and middle-income countries: A cross-sectional study [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review]

Background: Risk perceptions of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are considered important as they impact community health behaviors. The aim of this study was to determine the perceived risk of infection and death due to COVID-19 and to assess the factors associated with such risk perceptions among community members in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in Africa, Asia, and South America. Methods: An online cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 LMICs in Africa, Asia, and South America from February to May 2021. A questionnaire was utilized to assess the perceived risk of infection and death from COVID-19 and its plausible determinants. A logistic regression model was used to identify the factors associated with such risk perceptions. Results: A total of 1,646 responses were included in the analysis of the perceived risk of becoming infected and dying from COVID-19. Our data suggested that 36.4% of participants had a high perceived risk of COVID-19 infection, while only 22.4% had a perceived risk of dying from COVID-19. Being a woman, working in healthcare-related sectors, contracting pulmonary disease, knowing people in the immediate social environment who are or have been infected with COVID-19, as well as seeing or reading about individuals infected with COVID-19 on social media or TV were all associated with a higher perceived risk of becoming infected with COVID-19. In addition, being a woman, elderly, having heart disease and pulmonary disease, knowing people in the immediate social environment who are or have been infected with COVID-19, and seeing or reading about individuals infected with COVID-19 on social media or TV had a higher perceived risk of dying from COVID-19. Conclusions: The perceived risk of infection and death due to COVID-19 are relatively low among respondents; this suggests the need to conduct health campaigns to disseminate knowledge and information on the ongoing pandemic

Line-Scanning Particle Image Velocimetry: An Optical Approach for Quantifying a Wide Range of Blood Flow Speeds in Live Animals

The ability to measure blood velocities is critical for studying vascular development, physiology, and pathology. A key challenge is to quantify a wide range of blood velocities in vessels deep within living specimens with concurrent diffraction-limited resolution imaging of vascular cells. Two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) has shown tremendous promise in analyzing blood velocities hundreds of micrometers deep in animals with cellular resolution. However, current analysis of TPLSM-based data is limited to the lower range of blood velocities and is not adequate to study faster velocities in many normal or disease conditions.We developed line-scanning particle image velocimetry (LS-PIV), which used TPLSM data to quantify peak blood velocities up to 84 mm/s in live mice harboring brain arteriovenous malformation, a disease characterized by high flow. With this method, we were able to accurately detect the elevated blood velocities and exaggerated pulsatility along the abnormal vascular network in these animals. LS-PIV robustly analyzed noisy data from vessels as deep as 850 µm below the brain surface. In addition to analyzing in vivo data, we validated the accuracy of LS-PIV up to 800 mm/s using simulations with known velocity and noise parameters.To our knowledge, these blood velocity measurements are the fastest recorded with TPLSM. Partnered with transgenic mice carrying cell-specific fluorescent reporters, LS-PIV will also enable the direct in vivo correlation of cellular, biochemical, and hemodynamic parameters in high flow vascular development and diseases such as atherogenesis, arteriogenesis, and vascular anomalies

Synthesis, X-ray Analysis, and Biological Evaluation of a New Class of Stereopure Lactam-Based HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors

In an effort to identify a new class of druglike HIV-1 protease inhibitors, four different stereopure beta-hydroxy gamma-lactam-containing inhibitors have been synthesized, biologically evaluated, and cocrystallized. The impact of the tether length of the central spacer (two or three carbons) was also investigated. A compound with a shorter tether and (3R,4S) absolute configuration exhibited high activity with a K-i of 2.1 nM and an EC50 of 0.64 mu M. Further optimization by decoration of the P1' side chain furnished an even more potent HIV-1 protease inhibitor (K-i = 0.8 nM, EC50 = 0.04 mu M). According to X-ray analysis, the new class of inhibitors did not fully succeed in forming two symmetric hydrogen bonds to the catalytic aspartates. The crystal structures of the complexes further explain the difference in potency between the shorter inhibitors (two-carbon spacer) and the longer inhibitors (three-carbon spacer)

Circulating microRNAs in sera correlate with soluble biomarkers of immune activation but do not predict mortality in ART treated individuals with HIV-1 infection: A case control study

Introduction: The use of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced HIV-1 associated morbidity and mortality. However, HIV-1 infected individuals have increased rates of morbidity and mortality compared to the non-HIV-1 infected population and this appears to be related to end-organ diseases collectively referred to as Serious Non-AIDS Events (SNAEs). Circulating miRNAs are reported as promising biomarkers for a number of human disease conditions including those that constitute SNAEs. Our study sought to investigate the potential of selected miRNAs in predicting mortality in HIV-1 infected ART treated individuals. Materials and Methods: A set of miRNAs was chosen based on published associations with human disease conditions that constitute SNAEs. This case: control study compared 126 cases (individuals who died whilst on therapy), and 247 matched controls (individuals who remained alive). Cases and controls were ART treated participants of two pivotal HIV-1 trials. The relative abundance of each miRNA in serum was measured, by RTqPCR. Associations with mortality (all-cause, cardiovascular and malignancy) were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Correlations between miRNAs and CD4+ T cell count, hs-CRP, IL-6 and D-dimer were also assessed. Results: None of the selected miRNAs was associated with all-cause, cardiovascular or malignancy mortality. The levels of three miRNAs (miRs -21, -122 and -200a) correlated with IL-6 while miR-21 also correlated with D-dimer. Additionally, the abundance of miRs -31, -150 and -223, correlated with baseline CD4+ T cell count while the same three miRNAs plus miR- 145 correlated with nadir CD4+ T cell count. Discussion: No associations with mortality were found with any circulating miRNA studied. These results cast doubt onto the effectiveness of circulating miRNA as early predictors of mortality or the major underlying diseases that contribute to mortality in participants treated for HIV-1 infection

Development and Validation of a Risk Score for Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV Infection Using Prospective Cohort Data from the D:A:D Study

Ristola M. on työryhmien DAD Study Grp ; Royal Free Hosp Clin Cohort ; INSIGHT Study Grp ; SMART Study Grp ; ESPRIT Study Grp jäsen.Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health issue for HIV-positive individuals, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Development and implementation of a risk score model for CKD would allow comparison of the risks and benefits of adding potentially nephrotoxic antiretrovirals to a treatment regimen and would identify those at greatest risk of CKD. The aims of this study were to develop a simple, externally validated, and widely applicable long-term risk score model for CKD in HIV-positive individuals that can guide decision making in clinical practice. Methods and Findings A total of 17,954 HIV-positive individuals from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study with >= 3 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values after 1 January 2004 were included. Baseline was defined as the first eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 after 1 January 2004; individuals with exposure to tenofovir, atazanavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, other boosted protease inhibitors before baseline were excluded. CKD was defined as confirmed (>3 mo apart) eGFR In the D:A:D study, 641 individuals developed CKD during 103,185 person-years of follow-up (PYFU; incidence 6.2/1,000 PYFU, 95% CI 5.7-6.7; median follow-up 6.1 y, range 0.3-9.1 y). Older age, intravenous drug use, hepatitis C coinfection, lower baseline eGFR, female gender, lower CD4 count nadir, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) predicted CKD. The adjusted incidence rate ratios of these nine categorical variables were scaled and summed to create the risk score. The median risk score at baseline was -2 (interquartile range -4 to 2). There was a 1: 393 chance of developing CKD in the next 5 y in the low risk group (risk score = 5, 505 events), respectively. Number needed to harm (NNTH) at 5 y when starting unboosted atazanavir or lopinavir/ritonavir among those with a low risk score was 1,702 (95% CI 1,166-3,367); NNTH was 202 (95% CI 159-278) and 21 (95% CI 19-23), respectively, for those with a medium and high risk score. NNTH was 739 (95% CI 506-1462), 88 (95% CI 69-121), and 9 (95% CI 8-10) for those with a low, medium, and high risk score, respectively, starting tenofovir, atazanavir/ritonavir, or another boosted protease inhibitor. The Royal Free Hospital Clinic Cohort included 2,548 individuals, of whom 94 individuals developed CKD (3.7%) during 18,376 PYFU (median follow-up 7.4 y, range 0.3-12.7 y). Of 2,013 individuals included from the SMART/ESPRIT control arms, 32 individuals developed CKD (1.6%) during 8,452 PYFU (median follow-up 4.1 y, range 0.6-8.1 y). External validation showed that the risk score predicted well in these cohorts. Limitations of this study included limited data on race and no information on proteinuria. Conclusions Both traditional and HIV-related risk factors were predictive of CKD. These factors were used to develop a risk score for CKD in HIV infection, externally validated, that has direct clinical relevance for patients and clinicians to weigh the benefits of certain antiretrovirals against the risk of CKD and to identify those at greatest risk of CKD.Peer reviewe