A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Material-Connection Disclosures: Endorsers, Instagram, and the Federal Trade Commission’s Endorsement Guides

With the spread of social-media advertising, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has made many attempts to regulate the burgeoning field. However, the complexity of social media makes it difficult to regulate without violating the First Amendment. This difficulty is especially true for Instagram, a social-media platform where pictures—a form of speech protected by the First Amendment—are the primary focal point. This Note argues that the FTC’s material-connection disclosure requirement potentially violates the First Amendment as it applies to Instagram advertisements. Instead of focusing on audience perception when determining whether an endorser must include a material-connection disclosure, the FTC should instead consider the poster’s intent in sharing an Instagram post to prevent any chilling of speech or violations of posters’ First Amendment rights

Development of a Point-of-Care Ultrasonography Workflow Within a Rural Clinic

Abstract Background and Objectives: Healthcare has revolutionized with advancements in ultrasound technology. Among these advancements and the increasing availability of imaging modalities is point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) technology. Problem: While POCUS has gained considerable ground in primary care, infrastructure to support its utility is deficient. The purpose of this project was to design, pilot, and evaluate a POCUS workflow to facilitate technology utilization and increase access to care. Methods: Program development and evaluation involves the design, implementation, and evaluation of an evidence-based workflow for POCUS technology. The project was intended to address the needs of individuals in a rural setting. Participants included clinic staff and eligible patients (N=18). An innovative workflow with the development of a toolkit to support the use of POCUS technology was implemented. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used in evaluating the POCUS Billing I-AIM Framework. Results: 10 patient assessments using POCUS were included out of 18 eligible patients. POCUS was used for a variety of purposes including pelvis and obstetrics (N=1, 10%), skin and soft tissue (N=4, 40%), and musculoskeletal (N=5, 50%). The total potential for reimbursement was noted in both technical ($328.68) and professional ($249.36) billing components. Staff semi-structured interviews revealed overall satisfaction regarding the POCUS workflow with patients’ perspective noted as well received. Conclusion: With concrete infrastructure comprised of an innovative workflow informed by the Billing I-AIM Framework, POCUS in the hands of general practitioners has the ability to become a fundamental aspect to clinical practice

Economic growth in Cape Town : An assessment and redirection of Cape Town's Spatial Development Framework

A challenge presented to city planners in Cape Town concerns the need to remedy spatial injustices and economic inequalities polarizing the city’s population. However, the current SDF does not sufficiently establish that the Voortrekker Road Corridor is the likely location for Cape Town's future economic backbone. This dissertation questions the feasibility of the Voortrekker Road Corridor project by testing the hypothesis that the city’s future economic backbone is unlikely to be situated along the West-East Voortrekker Road Corridor. This is accomplished by analysing growth trends in the non-residential property market. Evidence supporting the hypothesis was drawn using Geospatial Information System (GIS) analysis of the city’s recent spatial economic development using non-residential building area completions between 2005 and 2012. Informing these findings, interviews were conducted with property brokers, development managers and a senior urban planner at the City of Cape Town in order to gain expert insight into the property market in Cape Town. Rode’s Report analysing Cape Town’s property market for the first quarter of 2013 was also consulted, along with other reputable secondary sources. The results were and formed strong case for the nature of the city’s current spatial-economic trends. It was found that the most rapid rate of spatial economic growth is occurring along two north-south axes towards the northern peripheries. These development axes are broadly situated along N7 on the West Coast and along the R300’s northern segment towards Tygervalley and Brackenfell. What is more, spatial economic development is developing in several nodes, rather than along a single corridor. These have implications for planning to remedy spatial economic injustices in the city. It is argued that the SDF overestimates the capacity of planners to shape the course of spatial development, as is reflected by the encouragement of the East-West Voortrekker Road Corridor vision

The Test-Retest Reliability and Minimal Detectable Change of the FitLight Trainer™

Reaction time is commonly used as an indicator of cognitive function post-concussion and is an important measurement in return-to-play protocols. Current post-concussion assessments lack evidence regarding their reliability and do not simulate real-world functional movement patterns and choice reactions that occur in sport performance. This study sought to establish the test-retest reliability of the FitLight Trainer™ a novel piece of equipment that can evaluate reaction time in a non-concussed, healthy population. Repeated measures. Twenty-six (14 males, 12 females) healthy individuals (age 20.5 ± 1.8 years, height 171.4 ± 7.5 cm, weight 71 ± 12.7 kg, hand dominance right-23, left-3) from Bowling Green State University participated. Choice reaction time was assessed at two separate time intervals (7 days apart). Subjects completed three trials each session. Subjects were asked to reach out and tap a series of 8 lights mounted to the wall as quickly as possible. The dependent variable was choice reaction time, and the independent variable was session (session 1, session 2). Good test-retest reliability was demonstrated for choice reaction time using the FitLight Trainer™ across the two testing sessions (ICC2,1 = .89, p= 0.000). Minimal detectable change (MDC) values were recorded for session 1 (79.9 ms) and session 2 (78.5 ms). The FitLight Trainer™ provides reliable measures of reaction time in a healthy population. Considering its ease of use, versatility and portability during testing procedures, the FitLight Trainer™ could be considered a practical standard for evaluating choice reaction times. Determining the test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change of the FitLight Trainer™ as a valid measure for testing reaction time in a healthy population was an important first step. Future studies should evaluate the test-retest reliability of the FitLight Trainer™ in pathological populations. Keywords: Reaction time, FitLight Trainer™, Concussion Assessment, Test-retest reliabilit

A Basic Qualitative Study of African American COVID-19 Survivors’ Experiences, Beliefs, and Critical Health Literacy

African Americans make up 13.4% of the U.S. population but accounted for 18.2% of those infected and 20.9% of deaths, reflecting significantly higher rates of illness and mortality from the COVID-19 pandemic than their non-African American counterparts. This disparity makes the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic as much a social concern as it is a health issue. The purpose of this study was to explore critical health literacy among African American COVID-19 survivors within the conceptual framework of the health belief model (HBM) in conjunction with critical health literacy theory. The overall research design is basic qualitative design using a purposive sample of 11 African American COVID-19 survivors in South Florida, through face-to-face semi-structured interviews and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Information was analyzed using in vivo methodology from which codes, categories, and themes were identified. Key findings emerging from the data collected underscored the preponderance of COVID-19 information without consensus from authorities on what was accurate and therefore actionable to protect against COVID-19. The findings showed the non-linear, multidirectional flow of information and decision making from social determinants of health, perception of threats, cues to action, and increased disease management, to health promoting behaviors. The implication is that social change through education at the individual or community level must consider the basic cultural and behavioral norms and begin by respectfully addressing what is contrary to disease prevention and health promoting practices

Adolescents\u27 Production of Clausal Structures in Written Narrative, Expository, and Persuasive Genres

The aim of this study was to analyze written language samples across different genres and age groups to provide information about the production of complex syntax emergence as time progresses across tasks. Complex syntax is both a socially and academically relevant language skill that is observed to advance well into later life. In order to analyze language samples as a way to identify language abilities, we must first understand syntactic emergence across genres with adolescents who are identified as having typical language development. In this study, written narrative, expository, and persuasive language samples were elicited from sixty typical adolescents in sixth, ninth, and twelfth grade. Complex syntax was measured using subordination index (SI), as well as by identifying the types of dependent clauses (i.e., adverbial, noun, and relative) that were observed in each sample. Genre had a significant impact on the use of clauses across all grade levels. Specifically, the persuasive genre elicited a greater number of clauses on average than the narrative and expository genres for sixth and twelfth graders, with the ninth graders having similar clausal density for the expository and persuasive genres. The results also indicated that the type of genre impacted the types of clauses used. The results of this study indicate that speech-language pathologists should consider the type of genre or writing task given the impact on elicitation of clauses

Disclosing the Truth About Instagram Endorsers: A Study of the Effects of the Use of Material-Connection Disclosures on Instagram and Types of Endorsers on Advertising Identification and Consumer Response

This experiment studies the effects of the Federal Trade Commission’s material-connection disclosure requirement as it applies to Instagram, as well as consumer responses to the types of endorsers that advertise a product on their Instagram profiles. In this experiment, participants viewed the Instagram profiles of a social-media endorser or celebrity, followed by an Instagram posting of a product with or without a material-connection disclosure. Participants then answered a survey with questions referring to advertising identification, source credibility, message credibility, brand attitude, and purchase intentions. Results suggest that there are no significant effects of material-connection disclosures on the identification of a post as an advertisement. The type of poster also had no significant effects on brand attitude, message credibility, or purchase intentions. Celebrity posters were, however, found to be more credible than social-media influencers. This study adds to the literature about the effectiveness of disclosures and provides new information about the effectiveness of celebrity and social-media influencer endorsers

Probable Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease in an Apolipoprotein E2 Homozygote

Objective: To describe a case of early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) in an apolipoprotein (Apo) epsilon 2/epsilon 2 homozygote. Background: Apo epsilon 2/epsilon 2 is the rarest of the ApoE genotypes, representing only 1.4% of the population. Cognitive decline in ApoE epsilon 2 homozygotes has rarely been reported. Case Report/Methods: We report a 58-year-old Apo epsilon 2/epsilon 2 female who meets clinical criteria for probable AD as confirmed by neuropsychological testing, positron emission/computed tomography scan, CSF analysis and genetic screening for known mutations. Results: The clinical course is typical of AD, with progressive cognitive and functional decline. Conclusion: Clinically confirmed early-onset AD is atypical in ApoE2 homozygotes but can occur. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Base