Unveiling the environmental impact of corn production in China: evidence from panel ARDL approach

Understanding the cycle of carbon emissions resulting from agricultural practices is critical for evaluating their effect on environmental quality. This study investigates the influence of corn production on environmental quality across six major corn producing provinces in China: Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Shandong, and Sichuan, using panel datasets spanning from 1990 to 2022. Utilizing a robust methodological framework and advanced econometric techniques such as the Panel Mean Group Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (PMG-ARDL), Panel Quantile Regressions (PQR), Panel Least Square regression (PLSR), this study offers a comprehensive analysis of both short-term and long-term impacts of several agricultural inputs, agricultural GDP, and temperature on environmental quality. The findings reveal significant long-term contributions to carbon emissions from the use of agricultural water, agricultural credit, and fertilizers use, indicating the environmental costs associated with intensive agricultural practices. The study shows carbon emissions have a long-term negative relationship with corn production. The results from the PMG-ARDL model are consistent with those obtained from the PQR, and PLSQR analyses, demonstrating strong positive correlations between agricultural loans, fertilizer use, agricultural water usage, and carbon emissions. The Dumitrescu and Hurlin results show unidirectional causation of carbon emissions from pesticide use, temperature, and agricultural GDP, and bidirectional causal relationship between carbon emissions, corn production, fertilizer use, agricultural water usage, and agricultural credit. The study underscores the critical need for policies that balance agricultural productivity with environmental quality, suggesting directions for future research to explore diverse agricultural systems and incorporate more dynamic modeling approaches to better understand and mitigate the environmental impacts of agriculture

Review and outlook of river morphology expression

Abstract The morphological expression of rivers provides a primary medium for human understanding of river geomorphology and the transmission of geographical information. In an ever-changing environment, constantly updated river monitoring data and products offer considerable potential for an explicit expression of river morphological characteristics and associated processes. This paper reviewed the advances in river morphology expression and examines how the various approaches can be utilized to interpret changing geomorphic features of rivers. First, taking alluvial rivers as the research object, river morphology is classified into three types of expression data and four categories of expression models. Then, the limitations of current river morphology models, such as uncertainty, inconsistency, and poor joint application, are analyzed. Finally, four outlooks are offered for improving river morphology expression, including stimulating the expression of river morphology with big data of rivers, redefining different river types, promoting multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary integration, and serving scientific management and decision-making.</jats:p

TRACHEAL INTUBATION

Introduction: Haemodynamic response to direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation has always been concern especially in cardiac patients. The use of fiberoptic bronchoscope for endotracheal tube placement may reduce the haemodynamic changes associated with intubation. Objectives: To compare haemodynamic changes (pulse and mean arterial pressure) following tracheal intubation, using direct laryngoscopic technique with fiberoptic bronchoscopic technique. Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). Settings and Duration: Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain management Military hospital Rawalpindi. The study was of six months duration starting from April 2008 to October 2008. Subject and Methods: ASA-I and II patients (n=160) undergoing surgery meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Informed consent was taken from all the patients undergoing the study. Patients were divided in two groups. Patients assigned to Group A got endotracheal intubation through direct laryngoscopic technique and Group B through fiberoptic bronchoscopic technique after induction of general anaesthesia. Pulse and Mean arterial pressure were recorded before induction of anaesthesia and three minutes after the intubation. Results: One hundred and sixty patients were studied. Eighty patients intubated through direct laryngoscopy (Group A) and eighty patients intubated through fiberoptic bronchoscope and it was observed that fiberoptic bronchoscopic intubation is haemodynamically safer as compared to conventional laryngoscopic intubation. Conclusion: The study concluded that bronchoscopic intubation provides better haemodynamic stability than direct laryngoscopic intubation.</jats:p

Characterizing the river migration process based on migration events of individual bends: a case study of the lower Yellow River, China

Frequent channel shifts in the Lower Yellow River easily leads to embankment collapse causing geomorphological processes necessary to characterize. This paper segmented the river centreline from its component unit-bends and established a migration event model to characterize the migration process of rivers. The inflection points on the river centreline can be used to segment individual bends. Three types of migration events, disappearance, lateral migration and decomposition, are defined for the first time to categorize river migration. Furthermore, these migration events can be rapidly detected using the Meander Migration Index. The four-tuple BMModel (Bend Migration Model), including events, spatial positions, bend types and migration attributes, systematically quantifies the river migration process. In addition, these results can be implemented with an integrated PyBend (Python-Bend migarition) package, providing promising technical support for the studies of river migration and evolution over long time series

Spatiotemporal dynamics of evapotranspiration in the Yellow River Basin: implications of climate variability and land use change

The Yellow River Basin (YRB) has experienced substantial fluctuations in climate and alterations in land use and land cover change (LUCC). Hence, our research aims to examine the impact of climate change and LUCC on surface evapotranspiration (ET) during the period 2000 to 2020. The data are obtained from MODIS products in comparison with water balance model. The study examined the correlation between ET and meteorological parameters, including precipitation (Pr), temperature (Temp), relative humidity (Rh), wind speed (U10) and net radiation (Rn), using the CHIRPS, ERA5 and FLDAS datasets. The Theil-Sen slope estimator and Mann-Kendall (M-K) test were utilized to assess the amplitude and statistical significance of trends in ET. The study thoroughly examined the annual and seasonal patterns. The yearly mean ET of 568.2 mm increased by approximately 11.43% and 7.30% during growing season. The recorded figure of 485.6 mm for the summer is significantly elevated, linked to higher Temp and U10. With hike of 21.06% in spring and urbanization from 242,749.5 km2 to 463,351.7 km2, although 1,595,073.5 km2 remained croplands, Rh and Pr have a strong negative association with ET (r = −0.747) and (r = −0.718), respectively. Meteorological factors have a diverse effect as Rn, Temp and U10 increase ET, while Pr and humidity decrease ET

Evaluating land use ımpact on evapotranspiration in Yellow River Basin China through a novel GSEBAL model: a remote sensing perspective

Abstract Evapotranspiration (ET) is critical to surface water dynamics. Effective water resource management necessitates an accurate ET estimation. In the Yellow River Basin China, a study area, cutting-edge technologies are needed to improve large-scale ET estimates. This study estimates ET using GSEBAL, an advanced ET estimation algorithm. Google Earth Engine integrates the surface energy balance model-based GSEBAL. The technique includes the collection, preparation, and calculation of ET using Landsat imagery and ERA5-Land meteorological data from 1990 to 2020. The study examined satellite LST, albedo, and NDVI data. The GSEBAL model calculates soil heat flow, net radiation, and sensible heat flux. The study tested the GSEBAL model utilizing essential ET datasets such as ECOSTRESS, MOD16, and SSEBop. The study showed that the model effectively predicted daily and seasonal ET variations in different climates. Root mean squared error, bias, and Pearson's correlation coefficient verified the model's reliability. The study also analyzed land use and land cover (LULC) over 30 years using Random Forest classifiers. In the 1990–2020 YRBC ET, land use changes affect ET rates annually and seasonally. The study area experiences changes in LST, NDVI, and LULC. Maximum ET values rose from 214.217 mm in 1990 to 234.891 mm in 2000. The pattern flipped in 2020, decreasing to 221.456 mm. In 2010, Summer had the highest ET, 484.455 mm. 2020 spring ET is 314.727 mm. Low ET decreased from 24.652 mm in 1990 to 18.2 mm in 2020, reducing water loss. Fall ET peaks at 24.9 mm in 2020; winter ET is 18.75 mm

POST OPERATIVE ANALGESIA FOLLOWING OPEN CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Introduction: Pain following surgery is a universal phenomenon; it is often underestimated and undertreated. Epidural analgesia is considered to be the best method of pain relief after subcostal cholecystectomy. Epidural is effective technique that offers comparable analgesia and better side effect profile. Design: Quasi Experimental study. Period: Jan2010 to June 2010. Setting: Military Hospital Rawalpindi. Material and methods: This is a prospective, randomized control trial. The main objective of this study was to compare the number of rescue doses for postperative pain relief, after subcostal cholecystectomy under epidural anesthesia, in patients receiving continuous epidural infusion of bupivacain 0.125% with those receiving intermittent boluses. Thoracic epidural catheter was placed for post operative pain relief. Patients were divided into two equal groups. Patient receiving continuous epidural anaesthesia were placed in group A and those receiving intermittent doses were included in group B. Sampling technique: Purposive (non probability) sampling. Result: Patient who received intermittent boluses (group B) required less rescue doses of nalbuphine as compared to the patients who received continuous infusion of 0.125 bupivacain. Conclusions: Intermittent boluses of 0.125% bupivacain are considered a better method of postoperative pain relief than continuous infusion of 0.125 % bupivacain.</jats:p