Mobilité des ménages versus Mobilité des ménages versus mobilité des entreprises : de nouvelles marges de manœuvre pour l’action stratégique de l’Etat en direction des régions.

Cet article propose une réflexion sur l’action publique pour accompagner, orienter et réguler les transformations et les différenciations régionales face à la mondialisation. Les défis pour l’État sont importants dans la mesure où il existe, à côté des grandes agglomérations, des bassins d’emploi plus vulnérables : dans un contexte de vieillissement de la population et de faible mobilité de certaines catégories de travailleurs, les territoires sont confrontés à des risques de pénurie de main d’oeuvre dans les régions dynamiques et d’accroissement du chômage dans les bassins d’emploi vulnérables. L’efficacité (de la polarisation) et l’équité sociale n’étant pas nécessairement opposées, l’intervention en faveur des territoires ne peut être confinée au registre de la compensation par redistribution sociale, la politique de réduction des inégalités territoriales pouvant dans certains cas contribuer à l’intérêt général. En outre, tenir compte des tendances nouvelles d’autonomie de la localisation des ménages ouvre d’autres voies possibles pour la politique régionale. Trois orientations stratégiques d’action de l’État en direction des régions sont proposées : la stratégie « métropolaire », la stratégie « Lisbonne+ » et la stratégie « dynamique résidentielle ». Cette dernière privilégie une politique de localisation des ménages dans des territoires résidentiels arrimée à un objectif de développement durable des territoires. Mots-Action publique; Bassins d'emploi; Mondialisation; Politique régionale; Localisation des ménages; Localisation des entreprises; Regional policy; Globalisation; Family location; Business location;

EU enlargement : what does it change for the european economic geography.

This paper evaluates the effects of the enlargement of the EU to the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs), focusing on agglomeration and industrial specialisation patterns in Europe. We first present the theoretical debate based on the New Economic Geography models. The outcome is that, in spite of the lack of labour mobility within the EU, a core periphery schema is expected to occur as a result of vertical linkages. Then, we provide evidence on real and structural convergence and FDI trends in the enlarged EU. We show that sectoral divergence resulting from agglomeration economies is likely to persist through a high-skilled core attracting increasing intensive activities and a low-skilled periphery. By discussing two alternative scenarios in terms of international specialisation, we show that Central European countries are likely to follow a “Spanish model” based on catching-up, industrial diversification and intra-industry trade, while Eastern countries could durably lag behind. Similarly, the Mediterranean economies, which are engaged in the Euro- Mediterranean partnership, exhibit very complementary international specialisation relative to the EU through resource- and labour-intensive industries.Intégration européenne; Relations euroméditerranéennes; Pays d'Europe centrale; Economie géographique; Elargissement de l'Union européenne;

Determinants and Uses of Remittances to Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries: Insights from a New Survey

In this paper, we analyze the determinants and the final use of remittances of migrants settled in France sending remittances to the southern Mediterranean and Sub-Saharan African countries. Research using microdata is very scarce in this region; we rely on a specially designed survey (2MO) we conducted in 2007-2008 of 1,000 people who remit to the three Maghreb countries, to Turkey and to the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. We also use a second survey conducted by the French Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (DREES) which includes a sample of 3,500 people from the regions we are interested in. DREES microdata set enables us to understand who is more likely to remit (extensive margin). 2MO microdata allows an analysis of remittance behavior amongst those who remit (intensive margin) including sum and reported final use of remittances (housing, investment, current expenditures). Using these two microdatasets, we examine the likelihood to remit across the different waves of immigrants, the motivations to remit and the intended final use of remittances to highlight behavior differences between the different waves of immigration on the one hand, and on the other hand, the importance of looking beyond classical variables to better understand remittance behavior and its changing nature. Our first result shows that, after controlling for all the variables linked to income, education, age or nationality, subjective variables such as attachment to the home country, history and the institutional context of emigration play a determinant role in explaining remittance behavior. Our second result shows that migrants, who are in France for a long time and who have low education levels, also send remittances in order to invest in their home country. The degree of the migrant’s attachment to his home country thus appears as a discriminating subjective variable. By contrast, the migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa send money for current In this paper, we analyze the determinants and the final use of remittances of migrants settled in France sending remittances to the southern Mediterranean and Sub-Saharan African countries. Research using microdata is very scarce in this region; we rely on a specially designed survey (2MO) we conducted in 2007-2008 of 1,000 people who remit to the three Maghreb countries, to Turkey and to the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. We also use a second survey conducted by the French Ministry of Social Affairs and Health (DREES) which includes a sample of 3,500 people from the regions we are interested in. DREES microdata set enables us to understand who is more likely to remit (extensive margin). 2MO microdata allows an analysis of remittance behavior amongst those who remit (intensive margin) including sum and reported final use of remittances (housing, investment, current expenditures). Using these two microdatasets, we examine the likelihood to remit across the different waves of immigrants, the motivations to remit and the intended final use of remittances to highlight behavior differences between the different waves of immigration on the one hand, and on the other hand, the importance of looking beyond classical variables to better understand remittance behavior and its changing nature. Our first result shows that, after controlling for all the variables linked to income, education, age or nationality, subjective variables such as attachment to the home country, history and the institutional context of emigration play a determinant role in explaining remittance behavior. Our second result shows that migrants, who are in France for a long time and who have low education levels, also send remittances in order to invest in their home country. The degree of the migrant’s attachment to his home country thus appears as a discriminating subjective variable. By contrast, the migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa send money for current expenditures rather than for investment. The obligation feeling seems to be the important motivation for remit.

International Specialization in Services: Insights from a New Theoretical Taxonomy.

commerce international de services; spécialisation pays; international trade in services; country specialization;

MIGRATIONS AND DETERMINANTS OF REMITTANCES TO SOUTHERN MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES: WHEN HISTORY MATTERS !

In this paper we analyze the main determinants of migrant's remittances by measuring directly the role of non observable variables related to subjective motivations and historical context of the emigration process. Subjective variables, such as attachment feeling and intent to return to the country of origin can also play a role in explaining the final uses of remittances. We have used two surveys in order to understand the types of behaviour linked to remittances from France to Southern Mediterranean countries and to Sub-Saharan Africa. The first survey used in this paper is a new DREES survey on the track and the profile of migrants and the second one is the 2MO survey which we have conducted in French post offices. Our first result shows that, after controlling for all the variables linked to income, education, age or nationality, subjective variables such as to the home country, history and the institutional context of emigration play a determinant role in explaining remittance behaviour. Our second result shows that migrants, who are in France for a long time and who have low education levels, also send remittances in order to invest (including investments other than housing) in their home country. These findings contradict the theoretical hypothesis of an alteration of the migrant's links with the home country as the duration of the stay in the host country increases. This can be explained by the fact that the duration of stay does not make any sense unless it is contextualized in the history of emigration, the conditions of arrival in the host country and the conditions of departure from the home country. The degree of the migrant's attachment to his home country thus appears as a discriminating subjective variable according to these historical conditions. By contrast, the migrants from Sub-Saharan African countries send money for current expenditures rather than for investment. The obligation feeling seems to be the important subjective variable for remitting money.Subjective variables ; attachment ; remitting decision ; multivariate probit ; modelisation

Migration and Remittances in South Africa : the role of political factors.

This paper looks at the determinants of international remittances in the case of South-South migrations. Using micro-economic data from a survey conducted in 2006, analysis was carried out on 639 African migrants residing in Johannesburg. Besides the traditional variables (income, household’s size in the host country, age, sex, education…), political variables (regime change in the host country and conditions in the country of origin before the migration including war, and conflict) are used in the analysis. The results highlight the importance of these political variables as determinants of migrants’ probability to remit. The end of the apartheid regime in South Africa impacts positively and significantly the probability of remitting money to the home country while the fact of having fled one’s country of origin because of violence or conflict has the opposite effect. However, the political change in the host country has no influence on the amounts transferred. Once the decision to remit is taken, traditional variables have more of an explanatory power in predicting amounts transferred than political variables.International migration; political environment; South Africa; forced migration; remittance;

Les déterminants des migrations dans l’espace européen : une prime aux effets de réseaux.

Flux migratoires; Marchés du travail; Réseaux; Migrations internationales; Union européenne;

Migrations et marché du travail dans l’espace européen.

Cet article analyse le rôle et les déterminants des migrations de main-d’oeuvre sur les marchés du travail des pays de l’Union européenne selon le degré de qualification des migrants, leurs caractéristiques sur les marchés du travail et leur origine intra- ou extra-communautaire. L’immigration dans les pays de l’Union apparaît moins sensible aux variables de déséquilibre du marché du travail, telles que le niveau de salaire relatif et le taux de chômage relatif qu’aux variables structurelles telles que les effets de réseaux ou les différences d’aménités. Toutefois, les migrants qui viennent des pays non membres de l’Union européenne sont davantage influencés par les différences de salaires entre les pays, dans leur choix du pays d’accueil, que les migrants d’origine intra-communautaire.The aim of this article is to analyse the role and determinants of labour migration in EU labour markets, depending on skill levels, the characteristics of migrants in the labour market and their origin inside or outside the Union. Immigration to EU countries is less sensitive to variables representing labour market imbalances, such as relative wage levels and relative unemployment rates, than to variables representing the network effects which reduce migration costs. However, the effect of these variables on immigration flows varies strongly from country to country and remains limited overall.Migrations dans l'Union Européenne; Réseaux; Flux migratoires; Marchés du travail; Mobilité;

Migrations et marché du travail dans l'espace Européen

International audienceThe aim of this article is to analyse the role and determinants of labour migration in EU labour markets depending on migrants' nationality of origin, manpower qualifications, the characteristics of migrants in the labour market and their origin inside or outside the EU. Immigration to EU countries is less sensitive to variables representing labour market imbalances, such as relative wage levels and relative unemployment rates than to variables representing the networks effects which reduce migration costs. However, the effect of these variables on immigration flows varies strongly from country to country and remains limited overall.Cet article analyse le rôle et les déterminants des migrations de main-d'œuvre sur les marchés du travail des pays de l'Union européenne selon le degré de qualification des migrants, leurs caractéristiques sur les marchés du travail et leur origine intra ou extracommunautaire. L'immigration dans les pays de l'UE apparaît moins sensible aux variables de déséquilibre du marché du travail, telles que le niveau de salaire relatif et le taux de chômage relatif qu'aux variables structurelles telles que les effets de réseaux ou les différences d'aménités. Toutefois, les migrants qui viennent des pays non membres de l'Union Européenne sont davantage influencés par les différences de salaires entre les pays dans leur choix du pays d'accueil que les migrants d'origine intracommunautaire

Migrations et marché du travail dans l'espace Européen

Cet article analyse le rôle et les déterminants des migrations de main-d'œuvre sur les marchés du travail des pays de l'Union européenne selon le degré de qualification des migrants, leurs caractéristiques sur les marchés du travail et leur origine intra ou extracommunautaire. L'immigration dans les pays de l'UE apparaît moins sensible aux variables de déséquilibre du marché du travail, telles que le niveau de salaire relatif et le taux de chômage relatif qu'aux variables structurelles telles que les effets de réseaux ou les différences d'aménités. Toutefois, les migrants qui viennent des pays non membres de l'Union Européenne sont davantage influencés par les différences de salaires entre les pays dans leur choix du pays d'accueil que les migrants d'origine intracommunautaire.Migration; Flux migratoires; Mobilités; Union Européenne; réseaux