The thermodynamics of human reaction times

I present a new approach for the interpretation of reaction time (RT) data from behavioral experiments. From a physical perspective, the entropy of the RT distribution provides a model-free estimate of the amount of processing performed by the cognitive system. In this way, the focus is shifted from the conventional interpretation of individual RTs being either long or short, into their distribution being\ud more or less complex in terms of entropy. The new approach enables the estimation of the cognitive processing load without reference to the informational content of the stimuli themselves, thus providing a more appropriate estimate of the cognitive impact of dierent sources of information that are carried by experimental stimuli or tasks. The paper introduces the formulation of the theory, followed by an empirical validation using a database of human RTs in lexical tasks (visual lexical decision and word\ud naming). The results show that this new interpretation of RTs is more powerful than the traditional one. The method provides theoretical estimates of the processing loads elicited by individual stimuli. These loads sharply distinguish the responses from different tasks. In addition, it provides upper-bound estimates for the speed at which the system processes information. Finally, I argue that the theoretical proposal, and the associated empirical evidence, provide strong arguments for an adaptive system that systematically adjusts its operational processing speed to the particular demands of each stimulus. This\ud finding is in contradiction with Hick's law, which posits a relatively constant processing speed within an experimental context

Information content versus word length in random typing

Recently, it has been claimed that a linear relationship between a measure of information content and word length is expected from word length optimization and it has been shown that this linearity is supported by a strong correlation between information content and word length in many languages (Piantadosi et al. 2011, PNAS 108, 3825-3826). Here, we study in detail some connections between this measure and standard information theory. The relationship between the measure and word length is studied for the popular random typing process where a text is constructed by pressing keys at random from a keyboard containing letters and a space behaving as a word delimiter. Although this random process does not optimize word lengths according to information content, it exhibits a linear relationship between information content and word length. The exact slope and intercept are presented for three major variants of the random typing process. A strong correlation between information content and word length can simply arise from the units making a word (e.g., letters) and not necessarily from the interplay between a word and its context as proposed by Piantadosi et al. In itself, the linear relation does not entail the results of any optimization process

A broad-coverage distributed connectionist model of visual word recognition

In this study we describe a distributed connectionist model of morphological processing, covering a realistically sized sample of the English language. The purpose of this model is to explore how effects of discrete, hierarchically structured morphological paradigms, can arise as a result of the statistical sub-regularities in the mapping between word forms and word meanings. We present a model that learns to produce at its output a realistic semantic representation of a word, on presentation of a distributed representation of its orthography. After training, in three experiments, we compare the outputs of the model with the lexical decision latencies for large sets of English nouns and verbs. We show that the model has developed detailed representations of morphological structure, giving rise to effects analogous to those observed in visual lexical decision experiments. In addition, we show how the association between word form and word meaning also give rise to recently reported differences between regular and irregular verbs, even in their completely regular present-tense forms. We interpret these results as underlining the key importance for lexical processing of the statistical regularities in the mappings between form and meaning

On the origin of the cumulative semantic inhibition effect

We report an extension of the cumulative semantic inhibition effect found by Howard, Nickels, Coltheart, and Cole-Virtue (2006). Using more sensitive statistical analyses, we found a significant variation in the magnitude of the effect across categories. This variation cannot be explained by the naming speed of each category. In addition, using a sub-sample of the data, a second cumulative effect arouse for newly-defined supra-categories, over and above the effect of the original ones. We discuss these findings in terms of the representations that drive lexical access, and interpret them as supporting featural or distributed hypotheses

A Theory of Reaction Time Distributions

We develop a general theory of reaction time (RT) distributions in psychological experiments, deriving from the distribution of the quotient of two normal random variables, that of the task difficulty (top-down information), and that of the external evidence that becomes available to solve it (bottom-up information). The theory provides a unied account of known changes in the shape of the distributions depending on properties of the task and of the participants, and it predicts additional changes that should be observed. A number of known properties of RT distributions are homogeneously accounted\ud for by variations in the value of two easily interpretable parameters: the coefficients of variation of the two normal variables. The predictions of the theory are compared with those of multiple families of distributions that have been proposed to account for RTs, indicating our theory provides a significantly better account of experimental data. For this purpose, we provide comparisons with four large datasets across tasks and modalitities. Finally,\ud we show how the theory links to neurobiological models of response latencies

Syntactic Flexibility in the Noun: Evidence from Picture Naming

Does syntactic information affect the production of bare nouns?Research into this issue has explored word-specific features (e.g.,gender). However, word-independent syntactic distributions mayalso play a role. For example, studies of word recognition haveuncovered strong effects of the diversity of a word's syntacticdistribution – its syntactic flexibility – on response times in thelexical decision paradigm. By contrast, studies of sentenceproduction have produced strong but conflicted effects of syntacticflexibility. We propose that syntactic flexibility also affectsproduction of individual words. We reanalyze a database ofpreviously collected timed picture naming data using two novelmeasures of syntactic flexibility, one based on the relationsstemming from the noun, and one based on the relations extendingto the noun. Our results show that nouns that project a diversearray of structures are produced faster, and those that are integratedinto a diverse array of structures are produced slower

The Missing Link between Morphemic Assemblies and Behavioral Responses:a Bayesian Information-Theoretical model of lexical processing

We present the Bayesian Information-Theoretical (BIT) model of lexical processing: A mathematical model illustrating a novel approach to the modelling of language processes. The model shows how a neurophysiological theory of lexical processing relying on Hebbian association and neural assemblies can directly account for a variety of effects previously observed in behavioural experiments. We develop two information-theoretical measures of the distribution of usages of a morpheme or word, and use them to predict responses in three visual lexical decision datasets investigating inflectional morphology and polysemy. Our model offers a neurophysiological basis for the effects of morpho-semantic neighbourhoods. These results demonstrate how distributed patterns of activation naturally result in the arisal of symbolic structures. We conclude by arguing that the modelling framework exemplified here, is a powerful tool for integrating behavioural and neurophysiological results

Dynamical systems modeling of the child–mother dyad:Causality between child-directed language complexity and language development

We model the causal links between child language (CL) andchild-directed language (CDL). We take pairs of sequences oflinguistic measurements from a longitudinal study. Each child-mother pair of sequences is considered as an instance of thetrajectory of a high-dimensional dynamical system. We thenuse Multispatial Convergent Cross Mapping to ascertain thedirections of causality between the pairs of sequences, that is,whether the complexity of CL drives that of CDL, the com-plexity of CDL drives that of CL, both, or neither. We find thatchildren are responsive to the amount of speech and the diver-sity of words produced by their mothers, but not vice-versa.However, the syntactic diversities of the children’s utterancesdrive the syntactic diversity of the mothers’ utterances. This isevidence for fine-grained fine-tuning of CDL in response onlyto the syntax of CL

La función empresarial en España: ¿un recurso escaso?

Doctorado en Economía Financiera : Banca y BolsaTesis doctoral inédita. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Departamento de Contabilidad y Organización de Empresas. Fecha de lectura: 25-01-0