Subsidisation and Sustainability Impacts on Contract Producers

Production subsidies tend to be provided as government development support instruments. This paper examines their potential impacts on lower-tier producers. Those impacts are partly elucidated by a mixed-methods study of small-scale fish producers of Seychelles targeting foreign fish markets. Scale disadvantages tend to prevent such producers from overcoming the entry barriers of foreign markets without government assistance, including subsidisation. In the study, a screening survey helped assign a group of 34 randomly-selected fish producers to a Managed Value Chain (MVC) – buyers and producers engaging in supply-demand matching coordination, and another 32 randomly-selected fish harvesters to an Open-market Value Chain (OVC) – comprising buyers and harvesters without intentional supply-demand matching coordination. Using 5 months of production-related data, the study first compared the means of the production capacity, level and efficiency of the producers. Four highest-producing MVC producers subsequently gave an interview on their operations. Results inter alia indicate that a gradually increasing range of fisheries subsidies have been helping MVC producers to raise their production capacity, standard and level. However, the subsidies have also been indicatively decreasing the productivity of commercial stocks. The study inter alia suggests that unless marine biological resources are carefully managed, export-oriented production subsidies threaten their environmental sustainability

The importance of the negative charge of beta-lactam compounds in the interactions with active-site serine DD-peptidases and beta-lactamases.

The interaction between various penicillins and cephalosporins the carboxylate group of which at C-3 or C-4 had been esterified or amidated and different penicillin-recognizing enzymes was studied. In general, our findings reinforced the common assumption that an anionic group at that position is necessary for the effective acylation of these enzymes. However, the relative activities of the modified beta-lactams as inactivators of the Streptomyces R61 DD-peptidase or as substrates of the Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyces albus G and Enterobacter cloacae beta-lactamases did not fit a general scheme in which the intrinsic electronic and geometric properties of the beta-lactam compounds would be sufficient to explain their substrate or inactivator properties towards the various types of enzymes investigated

The Importance of the Negative Charge of Beta-lactam Compounds in the Interactions With Active-site Serine Dd-peptidases and Beta-lactamases

The interaction between various penicillins and cephalosporins the carboxylate group of which at C-3 or C-4 had been esterified or amidated and different penicillin-recognizing enzymes was studied. In general, our findings reinforced the common assumption that an anionic group at that position is necessary for the effective acylation of these enzymes. However, the relative activities of the modified beta-lactams as inactivators of the Streptomyces R61 DD-peptidase or as substrates of the Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyces albus G and Enterobacter cloacae beta-lactamases did not fit a general scheme in which the intrinsic electronic and geometric properties of the beta-lactam compounds would be sufficient to explain their substrate or inactivator properties towards the various types of enzymes investigated

Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s show unexpected second-order nonlinear optical response

Regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)s with chain lengths varying from 5 to 100 monomers are synthesized. Poly(3-hexylthiophene)s show in solution an unexpectedly significant second-order nonlinear optical response. The increase in transition dipole moment upon oligomerisation causes the significant second-order nonlinear optical response.Chemical EngineeringApplied Science

[Monnaie. Quadrans, Auguste, Rome]

Référence bibliographique : BNC I Auguste 435Référence bibliographique : BMCRéférence bibliographique : RIC 464Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : MonnRoIm

[Monnaie. Quadrans, Auguste, Rome]

Référence bibliographique : BNC I Auguste 451Référence bibliographique : BMC 262Référence bibliographique : RIC 462Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : MonnRoIm

[Monnaie. As, Auguste, Rome]

Référence bibliographique : BNC I Auguste 442Référence bibliographique : BMC 226Référence bibliographique : RIC 431Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : MonnRoIm

[Monnaie. As, Auguste, Rome]

Référence bibliographique : BNC I Auguste 441Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : MonnRoIm

[Monnaie. As, Auguste, Rome]

Référence bibliographique : BNC I Auguste 438Référence bibliographique : BMC 233Référence bibliographique : RIC 432Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : MonnRoIm

[Monnaie. As, Auguste, Rome]

Référence bibliographique : BNC I Auguste 443Référence bibliographique : BMC 226Référence bibliographique : RIC 431Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : MonnRoIm