Estimation of attractive and repulsive interactions from the fluctuation observables at RHIC using van der Waals hadron resonance gas Model

Experimental data on the moments of net-proton distribution in central Au-Au collisions for various center of mass energies ($\sqrt{\mathrm {s_{NN}}}$) measured by the STAR collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC) are compared to the corresponding results from a van der Waals type interacting hadron resonance gas (VDWHRG) model. The parameters representing the attractive and repulsive interactions in the VDWHRG model have been extracted by fitting the $\sigma^{2}$/$M$, $\it{S}\sigma$ and $\kappa\sigma^{2}$, where $M$ is the mean, $\sigma$ is the standard deviation, $\it{S}$ is the skewness and $\kappa$ the kurtosis of the net-proton distribution. Considering all the three moment products we observe that the strength of the repulsive interactions increases with decrease in $\sqrt{\mathrm {s_{NN}}}$ = 200 to 19.6 GeV while the strength of the attractive interaction is of the similar magnitude. For $\sqrt{\mathrm {s_{NN}}}$ = 11.5 and 7.7 GeV there is drop in the strength of both attractive and repulsive interactions relative to $\sqrt{\mathrm {s_{NN}}}$ = 19.6 GeV. On the other hand, if we consider only the higher order moment products, $\it{S}\sigma$ and $\kappa\sigma^{2}$, which are more sensitive to critical point physics, a segregation with respect to the strength of the attractive parameter is observed. The data for $\sqrt{\mathrm {s_{NN}}}$ = 19.6 and 27 GeV supports a larger attractive strength compared to other energies. For this latter case, the repulsive interaction values are of similar order for most of the beam energies studied, except for 7.7 GeV where the parameter value is not well constrained due to large uncertainties

Transport coefficients for multi-component gas of hadrons using Chapman Enskog method

The transport coefficients of a multi-component hadronic gas at zero and non-zero baryon chemical potential are calculated using the Chapman-Enskog method. The calculations are done within the framework of an $S$-matrix based interacting hadron resonance gas model. In this model, the phase-shifts and cross-sections are calculated using $K$-matrix formalism and where required, by parameterizing the experimental phase-shifts. Using the energy dependence of cross-section, we find the temperature dependence of various transport coefficients such as shear viscosity, bulk viscosity, heat conductivity and diffusion coefficient. We finally compare our results regarding various transport coefficients with previous results in the literature

Risk of Financing Agriculture in the North-Eastern Hill Region of India with Special Reference to Meghalaya

The study pertains to the economic issues of risk and uncertainties associated with financing hill agriculture from the twin angles of risk of farmers to utilize the credit and of bankers to disburse the agricultural loan. The issues discussed are: first, why the financial institutions are reluctant to lend agricultural advances? Second, whether the farm income or rate of return on equity and non-equity capital is sufficient to repay the loan? Third, what are the major sources and the magnitude of risks and uncertainties associated with hill farming? Fourth, nature of agricultural marketing situation and how it affects the farm income in this region and finally, the possibilities have been explored, where and how the agricultural lending can be stepped up with positive economic return? The study has revealed that agricultural farming in north-east region of India is severely constrained by high risk and uncertainty arising out from various factors. Under the prevailing condition the expectation of a steady and assured income from agriculture is quite limited; hence, the hill farming fails to attract considerable private investment. The prevailing risk and uncertainty situation compels them to operate at low-input and low-output subsistence farming with low volume of marketable surplus. It has been found that the financial institutions face difficulty in financing the hill agriculture in view of low repayment performance and increasing non-performing assets for agricultural loan. Also, the absence/poor performance of crop insurance scheme (presently only Meghalaya and Sikkim are implementing the National Agricultural Insurance Scheme) increases the risk of hill farming considerably. Non-availability of reliable agricultural database (time series as well as cross section) on area, production and yield, cost of cultivation has been found the major impediments for implementing the crop insurance scheme efficiently. The agricultural situation in this region is highly heterogeneous; variability is extremely high even within a few kilometres of area. It has been suggested that suitable methodologies followed by a wide database be developed to estimate the yield and cost of production of horticultural crops which will help policymakers to formulate right policy to protect the interest of farmers as well as smooth functioning of all stakeholders — entrepreneurs, private investors, bankers and crop insurance implementing agencies.Agricultural and Food Policy,

CLASSIFYING SALIVARY GLAND LESIONS BASED ON MILAN'S SYSTEM FOR REPORTING SALIVARY GLAND CYTOPATHOLOGY AND EVALUATING THE RISK OF MALIGNANCY: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY AT PRM MEDICAL COLLEGE & HOSPITAL, BARIPADA, INDIA.

Background Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a very vital mode in the detection for defects in salivary glands (SG). The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) is classified into 6 groups which help the doctors to account for the chances of cancer in every group. The prime goal of this research is to utilize MSRSGC for the categorization of SG tumors.  Methods and materials A retrospective cohort analysis was carried out at PRM Medical College & Hospital, Baripada. 200 patients were included having suspicion of salivary gland lesions in this research. After taking the patient history, sample for FNAC, histopathological findings, their pathological characteristics were examined and subjects were grouped as group 1 (Non-diagnostic), group 2 (Non-neoplastic), group 3 (Atypia of undetermined significance, group 4a (Neoplasm benign), group 4b (salivary gland neoplasm), group 5 (suspicious of malignancy), group 6 (Malignant).  Results In this study, 110 male and 90 female subjects participated, with 30 under 20 years old, 80 aged 20-40, 44 aged 41-60, and 36 aged 61-80. Parotid gland involvement was predominant (119 cases), followed by the submandibular gland (60 cases) and minor salivary glands (21 cases). Salivary gland lesions were categorized via the Milan system as Group 1 (n=18), Group 2 (n=17), Group 3 (n=4), Group 4a (n=2), Group 4b (n=32), Group 5 (n=43), and Group 6 (n=84).  Conclusion The responsiveness of 95% and precision of 98.9% to differentiate between non-cancerous and benign tumors and malignancy proclaimed the great correctness of SG fine needle aspiration cytology.  Recommendation FNAC has great precision and responsiveness which differentiates benign and malignant tumors. Milan's system of categorization is also very effective and valuable