Seismic risk of Open Spaces in Historic Built Environments: A matrix-based approach for emergency management and disaster response

Abstract Earthquakes affect the safety of the users hosted in both indoor and outdoor urban built environments, especially in Historic Built Environments (HBEs). Many full HBE-scale risk-assessment methods are defined, while methodologies oriented to local analysis of meso-scale elements, such as Open Spaces (OSs), are still limited. Nevertheless, OSs play a crucial role in the first emergency phases, like in the evacuation process, since they host emergency paths and gathering areas. The seismic risk of an OS mainly depends on the combination of the damage suffered from facing buildings and the exposure, which mainly refers to the quantification of human lives. Damage levels result from the combination of vulnerability and hazard-related issues, while exposure is essentially affected by the number of OS users, whose spatial distribution is strongly time-dependent. Methods to quickly combine these issues are needed, especially in view of the deeper insights for the implementation of risk-reduction strategies (i.e. according to simulation-based approaches). This work offers a novel methodology to quickly perform Seismic Risk Assessment and Management of an OS by correlating damage levels to exposure-related issues. The method is composed of two specific matrices, which are developed according to quick literature-based approaches prone to rapid meso-scale applications in HBEs, also by non-expert technicians. The "damage matrix" links the site hazard to the building vulnerability. The assessed damage levels are combined with the users' exposure into the "consequences matrix", to estimate the risk in emergency conditions for the OS users, thus supporting decision-makers in promoting robustness/preparedness strategies

WOODEN TRUSSES RECONSTRUCTION AND ANALYSIS THROUGH PARAMETRIC 3D MODELING

This paper aims to indicate a new methodological approach, based on generative algorithms, to attempt a more in-depth and transversal understanding of the behavior of these wooden structures. The developed method accelerates modeling procedures and brings on new tools for analyzing these structural systems when surveyed through TLS devices. The main topic of this work is the most recent step of a wider research project that has analyzed a few wooden roofing structures in the area of bologna. These case studies are represented by a set of important churches in Bologna, all built between the 16th and 18th centuries, whose pitched roofs are supported by timber trusses. Among them, the most impressive is the wooden truss in the St. Peter Cathedral that has approximately 26 meters of span, 7 meters of height for nearly 9 tons of weight. It also shows a complex static conception with the coexistence of an external nondeformable triangle and an internal virtual discharging arc. The focus is on the transformation of the point cloud into 3D models using parametric modeling tools such as Grasshopper generative algorithms. These algorithms, once created for a single truss, allow to automatically generating 3D models of all trusses, changing only input parameters

GIANO-TNG spectroscopy of red supergiants in the young star cluster RSGC2

The inner disk of the Galaxy has a number of young star clusters dominated by red supergiants that are heavily obscured by dust extinction and observable only at infrared wavelengths. These clusters are important tracers of the recent star formation and chemical enrichment history in the inner Galaxy. During the technical commissioning and as a first science verification of the GIANO spectrograph at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, we secured high-resolution (R~50,000) near-infrared spectra of three red supergiants in the young Scutum cluster RSGC2. Taking advantage of the full YJHK spectral coverage of GIANO in a single exposure, we were able to identify several tens of atomic and molecular lines suitable for chemical abundance determinations. By means of spectral synthesis and line equivalent width measurements, we obtained abundances of Fe and other iron-peak elements such as V, Cr, Ni, of alpha (O, Mg, Si, Ca and Ti) and other light elements (C, N, Na, Al, K, Sc), and of some s-process elements (Y, Sr). We found iron abundances between half and one third solar and solar-scaled [X/Fe] abundance patterns of iron-peak, alpha and most of the light elements, consistent with a thin-disk chemistry. We found a depletion of [C/Fe] and enhancement of [N/Fe], consistent with CN burning, and low 12C/13C abundance ratios (between 9 and 11), requiring extra-mixing processes in the stellar interiors during the post-main sequence evolution. Finally, we found a slight [Sr/Fe] enhancement and a slight [Y/Fe] depletion (by a factor of <=2), with respect to solar.Comment: Paper accepted on A&

In vitro efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato against unfed Amblyomma parvum (Acari: Ixodidae).

Amblyomma parvum Aragão (Acari: Ixodidae) is a tick species found with wide distribution in the Neotropical region. Even though it is a wildlife-related tick, it is also a frequent parasite of domestic animals, is aggressive to human beings and may harbor pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, it is a target species for control on domestic animals, particularly those at the rural?wildlife interface. Herein, the efficacy of two isolates (E9 and IBCB 425) of an entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato, already evaluated for ticks that parasitize domestic animals, was tested against unfed A. parvum adults. Both isolates displayed high acaricidal efficacy after immersion in fungal conidial suspensions for 5 min. Isolate E9 killed all ticks by the 7th day post-treatment, and isolate IBCB 425 did so by the 11th day. Tick mortality of 80 and 90% was achieved as early as the 3rd and 4th days, respectively, with both treatments. Thus, if a commercial M. anisopliae s.l. acaricide against domestic animal ticks is developed, it would also be effective against A. parvum

Carbon contamination topography analysis of EUV masks

The impact of carbon contamination on extreme ultraviolet (EUV) masks is significant due to throughput loss and potential effects on imaging performance. Current carbon contamination research primarily focuses on the lifetime of the multilayer surfaces, determined by reflectivity loss and reduced throughput in EUV exposure tools. However, contamination on patterned EUV masks can cause additional effects on absorbing features and the printed images, as well as impacting the efficiency of cleaning process. In this work, several different techniques were used to determine possible contamination topography. Lithographic simulations were also performed and the results compared with the experimental data

Pensando un rediseño de agroecosistemas campesinos del Chaco Semiárido argentino: el caso de la asociación campesinos del Valle del Conlara (San Luis, Argentina)

La expansión del modelo de agricultura industrial en la región chaqueña ha generado fuertes cambios ambientales y sociales (desmontes masivos, pérdida de biodiversidad, expulsión de campesinos). Desde 2009, estudiantes, docentes e investigadores de la Universidad de Buenos Aires trabajan junto a campesinos y técnicos locales de la Asociación Campesinos del Valle del Conlara (San Luis, Argentina; ACVC), en pensar cómo mejorar la cantidad, calidad y estabilidad de la oferta forrajera del monte nativo. Partimos de una caracterización preliminar de los agroecosistemas campesinos, publicada en SOCLA (2013). Aquí, nos proponemos compartir las reflexiones sobre alternativas de rediseño y manejo agroecológico, así como los trabajos que se realizaron en la ACVC en este sentido. Este trabajo se enmarca dentro de un proyecto interdisciplinario, cuyo propósito es contribuir al fortalecimiento de la autonomía ecológica y económica de los campesinos, una alternativa al modelo hegemónico.Eje: B5 Sistemas de conocimiento (Relatos de experiencias)Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Pensando un rediseño de agroecosistemas campesinos del Chaco Semiárido argentino: el caso de la asociación campesinos del Valle del Conlara (San Luis, Argentina)

La expansión del modelo de agricultura industrial en la región chaqueña ha generado fuertes cambios ambientales y sociales (desmontes masivos, pérdida de biodiversidad, expulsión de campesinos). Desde 2009, estudiantes, docentes e investigadores de la Universidad de Buenos Aires trabajan junto a campesinos y técnicos locales de la Asociación Campesinos del Valle del Conlara (San Luis, Argentina; ACVC), en pensar cómo mejorar la cantidad, calidad y estabilidad de la oferta forrajera del monte nativo. Partimos de una caracterización preliminar de los agroecosistemas campesinos, publicada en SOCLA (2013). Aquí, nos proponemos compartir las reflexiones sobre alternativas de rediseño y manejo agroecológico, así como los trabajos que se realizaron en la ACVC en este sentido. Este trabajo se enmarca dentro de un proyecto interdisciplinario, cuyo propósito es contribuir al fortalecimiento de la autonomía ecológica y económica de los campesinos, una alternativa al modelo hegemónico.Eje: B5 Sistemas de conocimiento (Relatos de experiencias)Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Pensando un rediseño de agroecosistemas campesinos del Chaco Semiárido argentino: el caso de la asociación campesinos del Valle del Conlara (San Luis, Argentina)

La expansión del modelo de agricultura industrial en la región chaqueña ha generado fuertes cambios ambientales y sociales (desmontes masivos, pérdida de biodiversidad, expulsión de campesinos). Desde 2009, estudiantes, docentes e investigadores de la Universidad de Buenos Aires trabajan junto a campesinos y técnicos locales de la Asociación Campesinos del Valle del Conlara (San Luis, Argentina; ACVC), en pensar cómo mejorar la cantidad, calidad y estabilidad de la oferta forrajera del monte nativo. Partimos de una caracterización preliminar de los agroecosistemas campesinos, publicada en SOCLA (2013). Aquí, nos proponemos compartir las reflexiones sobre alternativas de rediseño y manejo agroecológico, así como los trabajos que se realizaron en la ACVC en este sentido. Este trabajo se enmarca dentro de un proyecto interdisciplinario, cuyo propósito es contribuir al fortalecimiento de la autonomía ecológica y económica de los campesinos, una alternativa al modelo hegemónico.Eje: B5 Sistemas de conocimiento (Relatos de experiencias)Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Thorough characterization of a EUV mask

We reported that we were successful in our 45nm technology node device demonstration in February 2008 and 22nm node technology node device patterning in February 2009 using ASML's Alpha Demo Tool (ADT). In order to insert extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography at the 15nm technology node and beyond, we have thoroughly characterized one EUV mask, a so-called NOVACD mask. In this paper, we report on three topics, The first topic is an analysis of line edge roughness (LER) using a mask Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and the Actinic Inspection Tool (AIT) to compare resist images printed with the ASML ADT. The results of the analysis show a good correlation between the mask AFM and the mask SEM measurements, However, the resist printing results for the isolated space patterns are slightly different. The cause ofthis discrepancy may be resist blur, image log slope and SEM image quality and so on. The second topic is an analysis of mask topography using an AFM and relative reflectivity of mirror and absorber surface using the AIT, The AFM data show 6 and 7 angstrom rms roughness for mirror and absorber, respectively. The reflectivity measurements show that the mirror reflects EUV light about 20 times higher than absorber. The last topic is an analysis of a 32nm technology node SRAM cell which includes a comparison of mask SEM image, AIT image, resist image and simulation results. The ADT images of the SRAM pattern were of high quality even though the mask patters were not corrected for OPC or any EUV-specific effects. Image simulation results were in good agreement with the printing results

The primary headaches: genetics, epigenetics and a behavioural genetic model

The primary headaches, migraine with (MA) and without aura (MO) and cluster headache, all carry a substantial genetic liability. Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), an autosomal dominant mendelian disorder classified as a subtype of MA, is due to mutations in genes encoding neural channel subunits. MA/MO are considered multifactorial genetic disorders, and FHM has been proposed as a model for migraine aetiology. However, a review of the genetic studies suggests that the FHM genes are not involved in the typical migraines and that FHM should be considered as a syndromic migraine rather than a subtype of MA. Adopting the concept of syndromic migraine could be useful in understanding migraine pathogenesis. We hypothesise that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in headache pathogenesis. A behavioural model is proposed, whereby the primary headaches are construed as behaviours, not symptoms, evolutionarily conserved for their adaptive value and engendered out of a genetic repertoire by a network of pattern generators present in the brain and signalling homeostatic imbalance. This behavioural model could be incorporated into migraine genetic research