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Use of energetic electrons in a particle precharger and in a sulfur dioxide reactor
Electrons energized by corona discharge to produce the necessary ionization for particle charging have been used in electrostatic precipitators for decades. This paper reports the use of an electron beam to release and energize electrons which produce copious charging currents in a bench precharger. Results have been obtained for various values of electron beam energy, beam current, electric field strength, current density, and exposure time in measurements of charging efficiency for large conducting spheres and 1 and 3 ..mu..m diameter PSL particles. After matching the beam energy and geometry in the bench precharger, particle charges greater than five times the theoretical ionic charging value were measured in the bi-electrode precharger. The increased charge can be explained by space-charge enhancement of the electric field and/or free electron charging. The use of very hgh energy electron beams for the removal of SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub x/ from flue gases has been previously established elsewhere. Since the energy regime for the electrons required for the production of oxidizing radicals is the order of 10 eV, a device which operates in a lower energy regime is attractive. A positive streamer corona device has been constructed and used to energize electrons for the purpose of producing oxidizing radicals. The performance of a pulse energized electron reactor (PEER) has been evaluated. More than 90% of the SO/sub 2/ has been removed from a test gas stream containing air, water vapor and 1666 ppM of SO/sub 2/. The power efficiency of the PEER device is greater than that for DC discharge or high energy electron beam treatment
Investigation of nonlinear effects in glassy matter using dielectric methods
We summarize current developments in the investigation of glassy matter using
nonlinear dielectric spectroscopy. This work also provides a brief introduction
into the phenomenology of the linear dielectric response of glass-forming
materials and discusses the main mechanisms that can give rise to nonlinear
dielectric response in this material class. Here we mainly concentrate on
measurements of the conventional dielectric permittivity at high fields and the
higher-order susceptibilities characterizing the 3-omega and 5-omega components
of the dielectric response as performed in our group. Typical results on
canonical glass-forming liquids and orientationally disordered plastic crystals
are discussed, also treating the special case of supercooled monohydroxy
alcohols.Comment: 26 pages, 20 figure