Designing the Introductory IS Course Using Student Personas: Lessons Learned from Product Design

The introductory information systems course has been a challenge to deliver for business school faculty members. One part of the challenge is to clearly understand the students who will take the class. An extension of user-centered design (UCD) called a persona has been used to gain understanding and develop empathy for target users/consumers of product design efforts. Extending the use beyond product design, personas were used to revise and design the introductory operations and information management class at a major western university. The use of personas led to a number of class innovations including the use of a blog, the selection of practitioner oriented book, and the use of recent students who had completed the class as recitation leaders. Preliminary results have included increased enrollments in advanced elective classes in operations and information management

The Use of the Delphi Method to Determine the Benefits of the Personas Method – An Approach to Systems Design

A persona represents a group of target users that share common behavioral characteristics. The personas method, an approach to systems design, has been receiving significant attention from practitioners. However, only anecdotal evidence currently exists for the effectiveness of personas. This research-in-progress, a Delphi study of personas experts, attempts to reach consensus on the benefits of incorporating personas into design projects. This study also lays the foundation for future research by identifying variables of interest, and building construct validity through the definitions of items given by the experts. Experimental studies will validate if groups of subjects that are provided with personas design more usable systems than groups that are given data on the target users in a non-persona form. Also, planned case studies will concentrate on studying the use of and effectiveness of personas in the organizational setting

A Review of the Literature on the Empathy Construct Using Cluster Analysis

Empathy plays a central role in human behavior and is a key aspect of social functioning. The extensive research on the empathy construct in fields such as psychology, social work, and education has revealed many positive aspects of empathy. Through the use of cluster analysis, this research takes a new approach to reviewing the literature on empathy and objectively identifies groups of empathy research. Next, this study relates the information systems (IS) discipline’s focus on empathy research through the projection of IS empathy paragraphs into those clusters, and identifies areas of empathy research that are currently being largely overlooked by the IS field. The use of cluster analysis and projection for conducting a literature review provides researchers with a more objective approach for reviewing relevant literature

Knowing You, Knowing Who, and Knowing What Counts: A Multi-Generational Conversation

People who have had the most impact on our lives are those who have seen some special trait or character in us and then nurture that special something. Gary Dickson has had that kind of impact on others. Gary also has left us with a discovery framework for survival in academia. Surviving academics must groom themselves for their careers through the use of knowledge that can be turned into action. Knowing yourself and your strengths and weaknesses, your field and its perception by other academics, key players both while in a Ph.D. program and in an academic position, success factors in the job market and on the road to tenure and promotion, your publication outlets, and how you personally react to criticism are all part of your desired knowledge package. But, knowledge is not enough. You must use your information system and knowledge base along with an action plan to reach your goals. Actions including but not limited to a balance in life, turning unstructured tasks into structured ones, and thinking beyond system boundaries all can guide you to be a survivor in academia. This conversation among Gary Dickson\u27s first Ph.D. student, a newly minted Ph.D. who Ken advised, and a current student of Ken\u27s, provides food for thought on building your knowledge base and some guides to actions that will aid your academic career

A Preliminary Examination of Using Personas to Enhance User-Centered Design

Organizations now routinely collect information about the needs of their consumers/users, but this information is not sufficiently utilized. This research investigates how encapsulating the user needs in a persona affects the resulting design decisions. Personas put a face on the target users and create a vivid design target by using a narrative, picture, and name. In our study, we examine whether personas help designers make more effective design decisions. We also focus on the roles of empathy and memory, and investigate whether personas introduce greater empathy into product design. The results suggest that personas lead to more effective designs when empathy for the persona is created. On the other hand, when the user needs are summarized in a tabular format, the participants must rely on memorization of the user information. The implications of the results and how follow-up studies will tackle unanswered questions are explored

Using personas to improve feature selectivity by facilitating empathy

This paper examines how the target users should be represented to improve the feature selectivity of designers. Specifically, this research investigates the utility of personas, a method for representing user needs through the use of a vivid, fictional character. We examine whether the persona representation helps designers focus their design choices on the needs of the target users without introducing extraneous features. We also test the role of empathy in the effectiveness of personas. In two experimental studies, we find support that a persona representation that facilitates empathy can help designers focus their design inferences on the target users. Taken as a whole, this research presents an initial step toward validating the impact of the personas and identifying factors that influence their utility.First author draf

Biological and structural studies of phosphonium 'masked thiolate' compounds

The ability of phosphonium cations to act as intracellular transport vectors is well-established. Phosphonioalkylthiosulfate zwitterions, and (omega)-thioacetylalkylphosphonium salts, which act as 'masked thiolate' ligands, are useful precursors for the formation of phosphonium-functionalised gold nanoparticles, enabling the nanoparticles to be transported into cells for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In this study we have completed cytotoxicity studies of (omega)-thioacetylpropylphosphonium salts derived from triphenylphosphine and tri(4-fluorophenyl)phosphine, which show that the compounds are only toxic towards PC3 prostate cancer cells at high concentrations and at prolonged incubation periods and display IC50 values of 67uM and 252uM respectively, significantly higher than those of other phosphonium salts. MALDI-TOF-MS has been used to investigate the uptake of the compounds by PC3 cells and to quantify detectable levels of the compounds inside the cells. The structures of (omega)-thioacetylpropyl(tri-4-fluorophenyl) phosphonium bromide and the corresponding tri(4-fluorophenyl)phosphonio-propylthiosulfate zwitterion have been investigated by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The results show that molecules of the zwitterion are held together through an extensive array of electrostatic and non-covalent interactions. The unit cell of (omega)-thioacetylpropyl(tri-4-fluorophenyl)phosphonium bromide contains eight cations together with eight bromide anions and two waters of crystallisation, all held together through a complex network of hydrogen bonds. The differences in the molecular packing of the two compounds may account for the lower solubility of the zwitterion in aqueous solutions, compared with that of the phosphonium salt

Oxytocin and cholecystokinin secretion in women with colectomy

BACKGROUND: Cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations in plasma have been shown to be significantly higher in colectomised subjects compared to healthy controls. This has been ascribed to reduced inhibition of CCK release from colon. In an earlier study CCK in all but one woman who was colectomised, induced release of oxytocin, a peptide present throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The aim of this study was thus to examine if colectomised women had a different oxytocin response to CCK compared to healthy controls. METHODS: Eleven women, mean age 34.4 ± 2.3 years, who had undergone colectomy because of ulcerative colitis or constipation were studied. Eleven age-matched healthy women served as controls. All subjects were fasted overnight and given 0.2 μg/kg body weight of CCK-8 i.v. in the morning. Samples were taken ten minutes and immediately before the injection, and 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min afterwards. Plasma was collected for measurement of CCK and oxytocin concentrations. RESULTS: The basal oxytocin and CCK concentrations in plasma were similar in the two groups. Intravenous injection of CCK increased the release of oxytocin from 1.31 ± 0.12 and 1.64 ± 0.19 pmol/l to 2.82 ± 0.35 and 3.26 ± 0.50 pmol/l in controls and colectomised women, respectively (p < 0.001). Given the short half-life of CCK-8 in plasma, the increased concentration following injection could not be demonstrated in the controls. On the other hand, in colectomised women, an increase of CCK in plasma was observed for up to 20 minutes after the injection, concentrations increasing from 1.00 ± 0.21 to a maximum of 1.81 ± 0.26 pmol/l (p < 0.002). CONCLUSION: CCK stimulates the release of oxytocin in women. There is no difference in plasma concentrations between colectomised and controls. However, colectomy seems to reduce the metabolic clearance of CCK. The hyperCCKemia in patients who had undergone colectomy is consequently not only dependent on CCK release, but may also depend on reduced clearance