11,798 research outputs found
Deducing Cosmological Observables from the S-matrix
We study one loop quantum gravitational corrections to the long range force
induced by the exchange of a massless scalar between two massive scalars. The
various diagrams contributing to the flat space S-matrix are evaluated in a
general covariant gauge and we show that dependence on the gauge parameters
cancels at a point considerably {\it before} forming the full S-matrix, which
is unobservable in cosmology. It is possible to interpret our computation as a
solution to the effective field equations --- which could be done even in
cosmology --- but taking account of quantum gravitational corrections from the
source and from the observer.Comment: 28 pages, 5 figures, uses LaTeX2
The Graviton Tail almost Completely Wags the Dog
One graviton loop corrections to the vacuum polarization on de Sitter show
two interesting infrared effects: a secular enhancement of the photon electric
field strength and a long range running of the Coulomb potential. We show that
the first effect derives solely from the "tail" term of the graviton
propagator, but that the second effect does not. Our result agrees with the
earlier observation that the secular enhancement of massless fermion mode
functions derives from solely from the tail term. We discuss the implications
this has for the important project of generalizing to quantum gravity the
Starobinsky technique for summing the series of leading infrared effects from
inflationary quantum field theory.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figure, uses LaTeX2
Single Graviton Loop Contribution to the Self-Mass of a Massless, Conformally Coupled Scalar on de Sitter Background
We use a simplified formalism to re-compute the single graviton loop
contribution to the self-mass of a massless, conformally coupled scalar on de
Sitter background which was originally made by Boran, Kahya and Park [1-3]. Our
result resolves the problem with the flat space correspondence limit that was
pointed out by Fr\"ob [4]. We discuss how this computation will be used in a
long-term project to purge the linearized effective field equation of gauge
dependence.Comment: 26 pages, 1 figure, uses LaTeX 2e. Version 2 revised slightly for
publicatio
A Remark on Boundary Effects in Static Vacuum Initial Data sets
Let (M, g) be an asymptotically flat static vacuum initial data set with
non-empty compact boundary. We prove that (M, g) is isometric to a spacelike
slice of a Schwarzschild spacetime under the mere assumption that the boundary
of (M, g) has zero mean curvature, hence generalizing a classic result of
Bunting and Masood-ul-Alam. In the case that the boundary has constant positive
mean curvature and satisfies a stability condition, we derive an upper bound of
the ADM mass of (M, g) in terms of the area and mean curvature of the boundary.
Our discussion is motivated by Bartnik's quasi-local mass definition.Comment: 10 pages, to be published in Classical and Quantum Gravit
Critical points of Wang-Yau quasi-local energy
In this paper, we prove the following theorem regarding the Wang-Yau
quasi-local energy of a spacelike two-surface in a spacetime: Let be a
boundary component of some compact, time-symmetric, spacelike hypersurface
in a time-oriented spacetime satisfying the dominant energy
condition. Suppose the induced metric on has positive Gaussian
curvature and all boundary components of have positive mean curvature.
Suppose where is the mean curvature of in and
is the mean curvature of when isometrically embedded in .
If is not isometric to a domain in , then 1. the Brown-York mass
of in is a strict local minimum of the Wang-Yau quasi-local
energy of , 2. on a small perturbation of in
, there exists a critical point of the Wang-Yau quasi-local energy of
.Comment: substantially revised, main theorem replaced, Section 3 adde
On the Bartnik extension problem for the static vacuum Einstein equations
We develop a framework for understanding the existence of asymptotically flat
solutions to the static vacuum Einstein equations with prescribed boundary data
consisting of the induced metric and mean curvature on a 2-sphere. A partial
existence result is obtained, giving a partial resolution of a conjecture of
Bartnik on such static vacuum extensions. The existence and uniqueness of such
extensions is closely related to Bartnik's definition of quasi-local mass.Comment: 33 pages, 1 figure. Minor revision of v2. Final version, to appear in
Class. Quantum Gravit
The transcription factors Egr2 and Egr3 are essential for the control of inflammation and antigen-induced proliferation of B and T cells
This article is available open access under a Creative Commons license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Copyright @ 2012 Elsevier Inc.Lymphocytes provide optimal responses against pathogens with minimal inflammatory pathology. However, the intrinsic mechanisms regulating these responses are unknown. Here, we report that deletion of both transcription factors Egr2 and Egr3 in lymphocytes resulted in a lethal autoimmune syndrome with excessive serum proinflammatory cytokines but also impaired antigen receptor-induced proliferation of B and T cells. Egr2- and Egr3-defective B and T cells had hyperactive signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) and STAT3 while antigen receptor-induced activation of transcription factor AP-1 was severely impaired. We discovered that Egr2 and/or Egr3 directly induced expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) and SOCS3, inhibitors of STAT1 and STAT3, and also blocked the function of Batf, an AP-1 inhibitor, in B and T cells. Thus, Egr2 and Egr3 regulate B and T cell function in adaptive immune responses and homeostasis by promoting antigen receptor signaling and controlling inflammation.Arthritis Research U
The Coincidence Limit of the Graviton Propagator in de Donder Gauge on de Sitter Background
We explicitly work out the de Sitter breaking contributions to the recent
solution for the de Donder gauge graviton propagator on de Sitter. We also
provide explicit power series expansions for the two structure functions, which
are suitable for implementing dimensional regularization. And we evaluate the
coincidence limit of the propagator.Comment: 41 pages, uses LaTeX 2e, version 2 has some typoes correcte
A Simple Operator Check of the Effective Fermion Mode Function during Inflation
We present a relatively simple operator formalism which reproduces the
leading infrared logarithm of the one loop quantum gravitational correction to
the fermion mode function on a locally de Sitter background. This rule may
serve as the basis for an eventual stochastic formulation of quantum gravity
during inflation. Such a formalism would not only effect a vast simplification
in obtaining the leading powers of at fixed loop orders, it would also
permit us to sum the series of leading logarithms. A potentially important
point is that our rule does not seem to be consistent with any simple infrared
truncation of the fields. Our analysis also highlights the importance of spin
as a gravitational interaction that persists even when kinetic energy has
redshifted to zero.Comment: 39 pages, no figuire.(1) New version has clarified the ultimate
motivation by adding sentences to the abstract and to the penultimate
paragraph of the introduction. (2) By combining a number of references and
equations we have managed to reduce the length by 2 page
Leading Log Solution for Inflationary Yukawa
We generalize Starobinskii's stochastic technique to the theory of a
massless, minimally coupled scalar interacting with a massless fermion in a
locally de Sitter geometry. The scalar is an ``active'' field that can engender
infrared logarithms. The fermion is a ``passive'' field that cannot cause
infrared logarithms but which can carry them, and which can also induce new
interactions between the active fields. The procedure for dealing with passive
fields is to integrate them out, then stochastically simplify the resulting
effective action following Starobinski\u{\i}. Because Yukawa theory is
quadratic in the fermion this can be done explicitly using the classic solution
of Candelas and Raine. We check the resulting stochastic formulation against an
explicit two loop computation. We also derive a nonperturbative, leading log
result for the stress tensor. Because the scalar effective potential induced by
fermions is unbounded below, back-reaction from this model might dynamically
cancel an arbitrarily large cosmological constant.Comment: 35 pages, LaTeX 2epsilon, 4 figures (using axodraw), version 2 has an
updated reference lis
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