Technical Bulletins: Parking Meters in Tennessee: Their Number, Use, Yield, Successful Practices and Model Meter Ordinance

This technical bulletin, for the information of Tennessee municipal officials, reports the number, use, yield and successful practices employed in the operation of parking meters in Tennessee, and offers a model parking meter ordinance. Technical Bulletin Number 1

Technical Bulletins: New Developments in Cable TV

This Technical Bulletin discusses some of the trends in cable television systems and their implications for local governments

Technical Bulletins: Cable TV Update: The Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984

This Technical Bulletin outlines the major provisions of the Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984

Technical Bulletins: A Hotel/Motel Occupancy Tax for Your City?

This Technical Bulletin provides information for cities considering the adoption of a hotel/motel occupancy tax

Technical Bulletins: Timing of a Special Census

To obtain the maximum benefit in state-shared taxes, when are the best times for a municipality to conduct the twice-in-a-decade special censuses authorized by Tennessee law? Covered in this report are the major factors a city must consider in answering this question

Technical Bulletins: Meeting the End-of-Fiscal-Year Budget Crunch

This Technical Bulletin discusses three techniques that could be used to mitigate some of the adverse effects of economic recession on municipal budgets

Technical Bulletins: Antitrust Update: The Local Government Antitrust Act of 1984

This Technical Bulletin looks at the Local Government Antitrust Act of 1984, which was approved by Congress on October 11

Handbook for the Office of the City Recorder/Finance Officer in Tennessee

This technical assistance manual, Overview: The Tennessee City Recorder, is intended to be a detailed guide to the functions of the City Recorder and/or Finance Director in Tennessee. In view of the diverse chores performed by City Recorders/Finance Directors, it would be impossible and unprofitable to catalog all the various functions, however this manual covers the most important and most common responsibilities. It is hoped that newly elected or appointed City Recorders will find this publication invaluable as they get started in their new jobs, and that experienced City Recorders will find useful information contained throughout the pages of this manual

Technical Bulletins: Items to Consider Before and After Incorporation

Section I of this report is designed to assist Tennessee communities considering incorporating as municipalities. It is not intended to be a comprehensive examination of the question, Should we incorporate? The report does attempt to respond to some of the most often-expressed concerns of those trying to reach a decision. Included are the major advantages and disadvantages of incorporation, comparisons of the forms of government available to potential municipalities under Tennessee law, and the steps to be taken to place the question of incorporation before qualified voters

Nck2 promotes human melanoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and primary melanoma-derived tumor growth in vivo

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Nck1 and Nck2 adaptor proteins are involved in signaling pathways mediating proliferation, cytoskeleton organization and integrated stress response. Overexpression of Nck1 in fibroblasts has been shown to be oncogenic. Through the years this concept has been challenged and the consensus is now that overexpression of either Nck cooperates with strong oncogenes to transform cells. Therefore, variations in Nck expression levels in transformed cells could endorse cancer progression.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Expression of Nck1 and Nck2 proteins in various cancer cell lines at different stages of progression were analyzed by western blots. We created human primary melanoma cell lines overexpressing GFP-Nck2 and investigated their ability to proliferate along with metastatic characteristics such as migration and invasion. By western blot analysis, we compared levels of proteins phosphorylated on tyrosine as well as cadherins and integrins in human melanoma cells overexpressing or not Nck2. Finally, in mice we assessed tumor growth rate of human melanoma cells expressing increasing levels of Nck2.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found that expression of Nck2 is consistently increased in various metastatic cancer cell lines compared with primary counterparts. Particularly, we observed significant higher levels of Nck2 protein and mRNA, as opposed to no change in Nck1, in human metastatic melanoma cell lines compared with non-metastatic melanoma and normal melanocytes. We demonstrated the involvement of Nck2 in proliferation, migration and invasion in human melanoma cells. Moreover, we discovered that Nck2 overexpression in human primary melanoma cells correlates with higher levels of proteins phosphorylated on tyrosine residues, assembly of Nck2-dependent pY-proteins-containing molecular complexes and downregulation of cadherins and integrins. Importantly, we uncovered that injection of Nck2-overexpressing human primary melanoma cells into mice increases melanoma-derived tumor growth rate.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Collectively, our data indicate that Nck2 effectively influences human melanoma phenotype progression. At the molecular level, we propose that Nck2 in human primary melanoma promotes the formation of molecular complexes regulating proliferation and actin cytoskeleton dynamics by modulating kinases or phosphatases activities that results in increased levels of proteins phosphorylated on tyrosine residues. This study provides new insights regarding cancer progression that could impact on the therapeutic strategies targeting cancer.</p