Understanding the future of the tsunami-affected coast in a tectonically active coastal region

In the early days after the large scale earthquake and tsunami hit Banda\ud Aceh on 26 December 2004, a coastal area on the tip of Sumatra\ud Island, Indonesia, scientists came from all over the world to this coast\ud to witness and investigate the scale of damage that these rare disaster\ud have caused to this broad low-lying coastal area. Many of them\ud researched the direct impact due to the earthquake and tsunami, but\ud mostly without further investigate the extent of the changes of the\ud coastal morphology. A lack of comprehensive study about the coast\ud before the tsunami event was mainly the problem. Without the knowledge\ud of how much the coast has changed the new state of the coastal\ud morphology cannot be determined, thus, forecast of the coastal development\ud may lead to bias result

Level of Coastal Protection Damage and Priority of Handling (Case Study of Alue Naga – Neuheun, Aceh Besar, Indonesia)

The massive tsunami of December 26, 2004 has had a huge impact on the life of the coastal region. The effects of the tsunami caused damage to occupation settlements, loss of waterside land and destruction of marine biota ecosystems. The coastal region of Aceh Province in Indonesia is the area that has the worst impact followed by the State of Malaysia, Thailand and as a coastal area of India. As a result of a large amount of coastal land experiencing a loss of land mass, erosion is very significant. As a step towards handling coastal areas from greater erosion prevention, the Government of Indonesia in 2005 adopted a policy of handling rehabilitation and reconstruction through the ANTERP (Aceh Nias Tsunami and Earthquake Response Program) program under the BRR (Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Agency) in collaboration with Ministry of Public Work. One of the steps to handling erosion is to protect the coast using the hard structure method such as the construction of a revetment and jetty made from rock armor. This study aims to assess the level of damage and priority of handling of coastal protective structures that have been built in 2009, 2016 and how changes in shoreline occur on the beach location of Alue Naga - Neuheun, which is a coastal area that was greatly affected by the tsunami. Assessments were carried out in three different coastal structures, namely CS-1 locations in the Alue Naga area, CS-2, Lambada Lhok coastal area and CS-3 Neuheun beach area. Guidelines for assessing structure damage and changes in shoreline in the study using the Ministry of Public Work Regulation No. 08/SE/M/2010. The rate of change in shoreline is obtained through computational calculations of the DSAS (Digital Shoreline Analysis System) program using the EPR (End Point Rate) method and NSM for change distance (Net Shoreline Movement)

Linking Global Context of Sustainable Recovery with a Local Context Post-tsunami Recovery at Banda Aceh city, Indonesia

The present study examines the recovery progress that has been achieved so far a decade after the tsunami disaster occurred in Banda Aceh city of Indonesia. Assessment of the recovery progress for several activities at the local context associated with the long-term disaster recovery phase include the hazard source control and area protection, land-use practices, mental health recovery, and economic development were conducted to identify windows of opportunities in different sectors to build back better. The findings subsequently situated within the framework of global context, by setting up a global framework linking the common targets between the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) and the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). Among investigated sectors, the hazard source control, area protection and land-use practices seemed to miss the opportunity of changing the coastal areas to become more resilient to tsunami disaster, due to unsynchronized city masterplan with housing development towards the coastline. While this practice rather discouraging for promoting the idea of ‘build back better’, the other sectors such as community economic revitalization and mental health programs were rather successful in seizing the opportunities at different levels. It requires high commitment from different actors during the recovery to identify and grab the opportunities at the earliest phase of the recovery and to be able to coordinate and formulate the appropriate recovery programs that linked to the targets for sustainable development in the global context

Observations from the EEFIT-TDMRC Mission to Sulawesi, Indonesia to Investigate the 28th September 2018 Central Sulawesi Earthquake

On the 28th September 2018 at 17:02 local time, an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 Mw hit Indonesia, with epicentre located 78km north of the city of Palu on Sulawesi Island. The earthquake ground shaking triggered four substantial landslides and several instances of liquefaction and land subsidence. Furthermore, a localised tsunami was triggered in Palu Bay, likely due to subsea landsliding. These hazards caused damage to over 70,000 properties and the deaths of at least 4,438 people. The UK Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) and Indonesian Tsunami and Disaster Mitigation Research Centre (TDMRC) conducted a joint reconnaissance mission to areas affected by the earthquake. This paper presents their main findings regarding these multiple hazards and their impacts on the built environment

Implementing and evaluating an automatic centroid moment tensor procedure for the Indonesia region and surrounding areas

The purpose of this research was to suggest an applicable procedure for computing the centroid moment tensor (CMT) automatically and in real time from earthquakes that occur in Indonesia and the surrounding areas. Gisola software was used to estimate the CMT solution by selecting the velocity model that best suited the local and regional geological conditions in Indonesia and the surrounding areas. The data used in this study were earthquakes with magnitudes of 5.4 to 8.0. High-quality, real-time broadband seismographic data were provided by the International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks Web Services (FDSNWS) and the European Integrated Data Archive (EIDA) Federation in Indonesia and the surrounding areas. Furthermore, the inversion process and filter adjustment were carried out on the seismographic data to obtain good CMT solutions. The CMT solutions from Gisola provided good-quality solutions, in which all earthquake data had A-level quality (high quality, with good variant reduction). The Gisola CMT solution was justified with the Global CMT (GCMT) solution by using the Kagan angle value, with an average of approximately 11.2°. This result suggested that the CMT solution generated from Gisola was trustworthy and reliable. The Gisola CMT solution was typically available within approximately 15 minutes after an earthquake occurred. Once it met the quality requirement, it was automatically published on the internet. The catalog of local and regional earthquake records obtained through this technology holds great promise for improving the current understanding of regional seismic activity and ongoing tectonic processes. The accurate and real-time CMT solution generated by implementing the Gisola algorithm consisted of moment tensors and moment magnitudes, which provided invaluable insights into earthquakes occurring in Indonesia and the surrounding areas

Assessment of WASH infrastructure in schools in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia using structured observations and principal interviews

Adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene(WASH) facilities in schools are vital, especially for girls. This study addresses a gap in assessing the adequacy of WASH facilities' repair at schools affected by natural hazards. Central Sulawesi was used as a case study where principal interviews were conducted at 26 schools, and structured observations were made at 18 schools, 3 years after the earthquake in September 2018. Of the 26 principals, 10 reported no damage to the toilets from the events of September 2018. Among those who reported damage, a third felt that the fixes insufficiently met basic needs and that they did not deliver WASH services as well as they used to. Structured observations revealed that most toilets lacked soap, open water reserves were placed next to non-flush latrines, posing a high potential for vector-breeding, and there were inadequate facilities for menstrual hygiene management, including no bins. Recommendations include ensuring a supply of soaps, adding lids to water storage containers for hygiene, and providing sanitary napkins and lidded bins. It was noted that private schools provided a better level of WASH service than state schools, and state schools in more hazardous zones did not take long to recover and offer lower-quality WASH facilities

A structured review of emotional barriers to WASH provision for schoolgirls post-disaster

Pubescent girls face unique emotional barriers to returning to school after a disaster concerning water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). This paper explores themes of WASH, gender violence, the lack of dignity and sense of shame arising from inadequate WASH facilities for girls in disaster settings. We conducted a structured literature review of 126 sources to investigate the emotional constraints facing pubescent girls concerning WASH in schools in Indonesia, a region prone to frequent disasters. Findings are synthesised into four major themes: psychological experiences of WASH, challenges faced by girls in schools, barriers to inclusive WASH provision and how to create a holistic approach to WASH. Key conclusions include the need for interdisciplinary research, cross sectoral collaboration, more evidence and research in Indonesia, especially regarding menstrual hygiene management, improved toilet design to reduce the physical barriers linked to emotional barriers and inclusive design for those with disabilities.</p

Studi awal simulasi gelombang untuk input model morfologi Pantai Alue Naga

IX+76hlm.;29c

Past, present and future morphological development of a tsunami-affected coast:a case study of Banda Aceh

This thesis investigated a thorough geomorphology of Banda Aceh, a coast on the north tip of Sumatra Island, Indonesia which was severely affected by the earthquake and tsunami occurred on 26 December 2004. The response and development of the Banda Aceh coast before and after the tsunami was thus not well-understood. The main objective was to increase the understanding of the future development of a coastal system that is prone to the large-scale natural interventions of tectonic land subsidence and tsunami. Explorative methodologies were used and the time-scale-related issues were emerged on the coastal morphological processes. The research flow was driven by a wide span of geomorphological interpretation, field observations, spatial data analysis from satellite images, topographic and bathymetric maps, analysis of forcing factors magnitudes and frequencies as well as sediment budget analysis of the littoral transport. Banda Aceh coast is a sand-poor environment contains only a thin layer of loose sand on top of a consolidated Holocene prograding delta. The earthquake and tsunami of 26 December 2004 have affected the morphological units that have been established in the Holocene period which responses were different under different geomorphic settings. This research suggests that the damage caused by the probable recurrence of tsunami and land subsidence events to the coastal morphology within a century can be an order of magnitude greater than the effect of the well-known sea-level rise due to global climate change, which is often considered important in modern coastal management practices. In a time scale of a century, tsunami and land subsidence events due to tectonic activities are not unprecedented. More frequent but smaller magnitude tsunami and subsidence may occur; i.e. once every 20 to 30 years. Management of such coastal area in future should consider such magnitudes of intermittent forcing factors in the coastal morphological development analysis