On Some Problems of the Economic Education

In this article key problems of ensuring of historical component in training of economists and managers as a whole and separate economic subjects specifically are discussed. The shorts in the contemporary  economic education, that are closely associated with historical training  limiting, are covered. Some methodic issues of teaching of the historical and simultaneously economic subjects are discussed also

Обеспечение радиационной безопасности при выводе из эксплуатации тяжеловодного исследовательского ядерного реактора НИЦ «Курчатовский институт» – ИТЭФ

The article provides a brief description of organizational and technical measures aimed at ensuring radiation safety during the decommissioning of the heavy-water research nuclear reactor of Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics after A.I. Alikhanov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute». Information is provided on the history and features of the operation of the reactor, including parameters and characteristics that are significant for planning and conducting work. The peculiarities of legal regulation in the field of ensuring radiation safety are given; regulatory acts and rules accompanying other activities during decommissioning and directly related to radiation safety are also considered. The paper describes the work done in preparation for dismantling, the initial and current state of the installation, forthcoming work with examples of dismantled equipment. Methods for handling radioactive waste arising during decommissioning are considered, including methods for fragmentation of large structural elements (examples of mechanical devices are given), methods for sorting according to different specific activity (high activity, low activity), radionuclide composition and physical properties (solid, metallic, non-metallic, liquid). A special method for handling liquid radioactive waste is described, which includes the collection and temporary storage system. To assess the radiation situation at workplaces during the dismantling of the reactor structures, calculations of radiation transfer were carried out on the running and shutdown reactor, during which it was established that the expected dose to the personnel when performing activities on decommissioning of TBR is much lower than the limit values, established by regulatory documents. In accordance with the estimated radiation doses, rules and instructions for personnel were determined, including the procedure for using personal protective equipment, the necessary measures for surface decontamination, etc. Information is given on the procedure for radiation monitoring at all stages of dismantling and at the final stages of decommissioning including control of premises, personnel, equipment, waste of various types, atmospheric air.В статье приведено краткое описание организационных и технических мер, направленных на обеспечение радиационной безопасности при выводе из эксплуатации тяжеловодного исследовательского ядерного реактора Института теоретической и экспериментальной физики имени А.И. Алиханова Национального исследовательского центра «Курчатовский институт». Представлена информация об истории и особенностях эксплуатации реактора, в том числе параметры и характеристики, значимые для планирования и проведения работ. Приведены особенности нормативно-правового регулирования в области обеспечения радиационной безопасности, также рассмотрены нормативные акты и правила, сопутствующие прочим работам при выводе из эксплуатации и непосредственно связанные с радиационной безопасностью. Описаны выполненные работы по подготовке к демонтажу, исходное и текущее состояние установки, предстоящие работы с приведением примеров демонтируемого оборудования. Рассмотрены методы обращения с радиоактивными отходами, возникающими в ходе работ по выводу из эксплуатации, в том числе способы фрагментации крупных элементов конструкций (приведены примеры механических устройств), способы сортировки в соответствии с различной удельной активностью (высокоактивные, низкоактивные), радионуклидным составом и физическими свойствами (твердые, металлические, неметаллические, жидкие). Приведена информация о порядке радиационного контроля на всех этапах работ по демонтажу и на заключительных этапах вывода из эксплуатации, включая контроль помещений, персонала, оборудования, отходов различного типа, атмосферного воздуха

ЧАСТОТА ВЫЯВЛЕНИЯ ЦИЛИНДРОКЛЕТОЧНОЙ МЕТАПЛАЗИИ И АДЕНОКАРЦИНОМЫ ПИЩЕВОДА У ЖИТЕЛЕЙ ЛЕНИНГРАДСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ (по данным эзофагогастродуоденоскопии)

The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma among the population in economically developed countries has been increasing significantly for last three decades. Columnar-lining esophagus (Barrett's esophagus) is one of the proven factors of developing esophagus cancer. The prevalence of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma in Russia is not investigated enough. The analysis of the results of 34903 endoscopic examinations of the upper gastrointestinal tract in population of Leningrad region with symptoms of gastric dyspepsia during the period from 2007 to 2013 is presented in this article.В течение трех последних десятилетий отмечается достоверный рост заболеваемости аденокарциномой пищевода населения экономически развитых стран. Одним из доказанных факторов развития железистого рака органа является цилиндроклеточная метаплазия его слизистой оболочки. Распространенность цилиндроклеточной метаплазии и адено-генного рака пищевода среди россиян изучена мало. В статье представлен анализ результатов 34 903 эндоскопических исследований верхних отделов пищеварительного тракта, выполненных в период с 2007 по 2013 г. жителям Ленинградской области с симптомами желудочной диспепсии

Coal combined-cycle plant with working medium heating in gas-turbine cycle in periodic regenerative heat exchangers

The authors consider the technique based on application of air heated in periodic regenerative ceramic heat exchangers by coal powder combustion products as a gas-turbine working medium to be rather promising for being studied. In this case the working medium can be heated to essentially higher temperatures than at coal combustion in the pressurized fluidized bed. Here only a small amount of ash contained in the coal combustion products settles in the ceramic heat exchanger and then penetrates into the heated air. It allows supporting high air temperature before the turbine at an acceptable level of ash concentration at gas turbine inlet. To substantiate the efficiency of this technique the authors have developed the technological scheme of coal-fired combined cycle plant with gas-turbine cycle working medium heated in periodic regenerative heat exchangers; the mathematical models of regenerative ceramic heat exchangers with cylindrical conduits and coal-fired combined cycle plant were developed. The paper introduces the results based on a detailed mathematical model of the optimization technical and economic studies of coal-fired combined cycle plant with gas-turbine cycle working medium heated in periodic regenerative heat exchangers

Modular plants for combined biomass-based production of electricity and synthetic liquid fuel

The high costs of qualified liquid fuels in remote areas of Siberia and the Far East, as well as significant stocks of wood biomass in these areas determine the relevance of the presented studies. The integrated processing of woody biomass into synthetic liquid fuel and electricity will increase the energy and economic efficiency of processing technological waste, as well as improve the environmental situation in these areas. The aim of the work is technical and economic optimization of parameters modular installations of the combined production of electricity and methanol from woody biomass. The article presents an analysis of previously performed work on the topic of research and, based on them, selected one of the most effective ways to process wood biomass - oxidative conversion of this raw material to produce gas enriched in hydrogen and carbon oxides, synthesis of qualified liquid fuels and generating electricity when burning purge gas synthesis process. The technological scheme of modular plants for combined biomass-based production of electricity and synthetic liquid fuel, its mathematical model of its elements and the scheme as a whole are given. On the basis of the selected methods, optimization studies of the operation of a modular energy technology installation were carried out. Analysis of the results showed that the combined production of electricity and methanol based on biomass increases the thermal efficiency of the process by 12% and reduces investment by 15-20% compared with separate production. With an internal rate of return of capital of 15%, the cost of methanol from biomass will be 275-317 dollars per ton. At such a cost, methanol can compete with both boiler-furnace and motor fuels in the eastern regions of Russia

Synthetic liquid fuels: prospects for innovative technologies based on underground coal gasification

The growing demand for energy, the depletion of oil and gas reserves, and the threat of global climate change have led to an increase in interest in underground coal gasification technologies (UCG) around the world. The potential for using underground gasification of low-grade coal resources with complex mining and geological conditions is huge. The main challenge is the development of competitive technologies for the production of synthesis gas and production of electricity, heat, and synthetic liquid fuels on its basis. The paper presents a study of one of the promising areas of the use of UCG gas for the combined production of synthetic liquid fuel (methanol) and electricity. A mathematical model of the installation for combined production of methanol and electricity (ICPME) was developed. Based on this mathematical model, a technical and economic optimization of the parameters was carried out to assess the prospects of the scale of application of this coal processing method. The purpose of research conducted using the mathematical models of the ICPME is to determine the optimal parameters of the installation and the sensitivity of its economic performance indicators to changes in external conditions

Provision of the radiation safety for the decomissioning of the heavy-water research nuclear reactor NRC «Kurchatov Institute» – ITEP

The article provides a brief description of organizational and technical measures aimed at ensuring radiation safety during the decommissioning of the heavy-water research nuclear reactor of Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics after A.I. Alikhanov of National Research Centre «Kurchatov Institute». Information is provided on the history and features of the operation of the reactor, including parameters and characteristics that are significant for planning and conducting work. The peculiarities of legal regulation in the field of ensuring radiation safety are given; regulatory acts and rules accompanying other activities during decommissioning and directly related to radiation safety are also considered. The paper describes the work done in preparation for dismantling, the initial and current state of the installation, forthcoming work with examples of dismantled equipment. Methods for handling radioactive waste arising during decommissioning are considered, including methods for fragmentation of large structural elements (examples of mechanical devices are given), methods for sorting according to different specific activity (high activity, low activity), radionuclide composition and physical properties (solid, metallic, non-metallic, liquid). A special method for handling liquid radioactive waste is described, which includes the collection and temporary storage system. To assess the radiation situation at workplaces during the dismantling of the reactor structures, calculations of radiation transfer were carried out on the running and shutdown reactor, during which it was established that the expected dose to the personnel when performing activities on decommissioning of TBR is much lower than the limit values, established by regulatory documents. In accordance with the estimated radiation doses, rules and instructions for personnel were determined, including the procedure for using personal protective equipment, the necessary measures for surface decontamination, etc. Information is given on the procedure for radiation monitoring at all stages of dismantling and at the final stages of decommissioning including control of premises, personnel, equipment, waste of various types, atmospheric air