Two new roles for the TYMV tRNA-like structure : translation enhancement and repression of minus strand synthesis

Some positive-strand RNA plant viruses possess a transfer RNA-like structure (TLS) at the 3'-terminus of their genomic RNAs. The closest mimicry to tRNA is exhibited by the valylatable TLSs from tymoviruses and furo-like viruses, which are able to interact with key cellular tRNA enzymes: [CTP, ATP]:tRNA nucleotidyltransferase (CCA NTase), valyl-tRNA synthetase (ValRS), and translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A). In this thesis, I report the discovery of two new roles of the Turnip yellow mosaic tymovirus TLS, in translation enhancement (Chapter 2) and repression of minus strand initiation (Chapter 4). Placement of the 3'-terminal 109 nts of TYMV RNA in a luciferase reporter RNA with a generic 5'-UTR enhanced translation by about 20-fold in cowpea protoplasts. Exhibiting a synergistic relationship with the 5'-cap, the 3'-translation enhancement was largely dependent on the aminoacylatability of the TLS and apparently on eEF1A interaction. In the presence of the 5'-UTR from genomic TYMV RNA, translation of both the overlapping proteins p69 and p206 was strongly dependent on a 5'-cap structure, and was enhanced by the 3'-enhancer. These in vivo results contradict the proposed model in which translation initiation of p206, but not p69, is cap-independent and TLS-dependent (Barends et al. Cell 112(2003):123-9). In vitro experiments with a partially purified preparation of TYMV replicase have investigated the phenomenon of minus strand repression. Interaction of purified eEF1A•GTP specifically with the valylated TLS decreased the template activity for minus strand to near-background levels. eEF1A•GTP acts by making the 3'-CCA minus strand initiation site unavailable to the replicase. The influence of eEF1A in simultaneously enhancing translation and repressing minus strand synthesis can be considered a regulation that ensures robust translation early in the infection and that offers a coordinated transition from translation to replication. Previously shown to be critical for TYMV infectivity, a valylatable TLS was investigated for its role in the replication and infectivity of the bipartite Peanut clump pecluvirus. A valylatable TLS provided a small competitive advantage in protoplasts and whole plants. The advantage was more apparent in protoplasts than in whole plants, and more so in the replication protein-encoding RNA1 than in the trans-replicating RNA2

Sol-gel chemistry mediated Zn/Al-based complex dispersant for SWCNT in water without foam formation

We report a bimetallic Zn/Al complex as an efficient inorganic dispersant for SWCNT, synthesized from Zn(CH3COO)(2) and Al(NO3)(3). The Zn/Al complex shows more than four times greater efficiency at dispersing SWCNT than widely used surfactants (CTAB and SDS). Besides remarkable dispersibility, the Zn/Al complex does not foam upon any shaking treatment and it can be used just after quick dissolution of the powdered form, which is a marked advantage over surfactants. The Zn/Al complex, containing amorphous Al(CH3COO)(3) and a complex of Zn2+ and NO3- ions, should have a unique dispersion mechanism, differing from the surfactants. Al(CH3COO)(3) has higher affinity for SWCNT than ions, adsorbing onto its surface in the first layer and attracting Zn2+ and NO3- ions. Charge transfer interactions between the Zn/Al complex and SWCNT, as evidenced by optical absorption spectroscopy, should induce a charge on SWCNT; the zeta potential of such coated SWCNT was +55 mV, indicating a high dispersion stability in aqueous media. Hence, the Zn/Al complex can widen the applications of SWCNT to various technologies such as the transparent and conductive films, as well as high performance composite polymers. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.ArticleCARBON. 94:518-523 (2015)journal articl

ワカモノ ジリツ シエン ジュウジシャ エノ ニンチ コウドウ リョウホウ ケンシュウ ノ コウカ

Aim: Over 630,000 people between the age of 15 and 34 years in Japan who are not working, studying, or undergoing job training (Cabinet Office, 2015) . We found two problems. ①Local youth support stations (LYSS) approach this problem, but intervention methods differ among each LYSS (Tanaka, 2014). LYSS staff should learn evidence-based skills in order to provide efficient and effective youth support. ②There is evidence that staff members who practice evidence-based cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) alter their methods as they increase their number of cases. This is known as ‘Therapist drift’ (Walter, 2008). Therapist drift often limits the effect of CBT intervention. In this study, we examined the effect of CBT training program for LYSS staff. The CBT training consists of Micro Counselling (MC), Behaviour Activation (BA), and Social Skills Training (SST). Method: The instruction was conducted to the supporters three times in Kochi prefecture in Japan. One hundred and forty people (a cumulative total of 309) participated. In instruction, first, clinical psychologist gave a lecture, then participants do a role-play each other. Participants completed questionnaire consisted of 9-13 items about skills of the time and a general feeling of efficacy about support before and after each time. Results: One-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant increase the after score of the questionnaire compared to before. The score of a general feeling of efficacy also showed a significant increase, but the score decreased significantly before score with after score of previous time. Conclusion: In this study, we found the instruction increases supporter’s a feeling of efficacy about each skills and general. But it is only temporary and how maintaining the increase is the future tasks

Doubly linked chiral phenanthrene oligomers for homogeneously π-extended helicenes with large effective conjugation length

Helically twisted conductive nanocarbon materials are applicable to optoelectronic and electromagnetic molecular devices working on the nanometer scale. Herein, we report the synthesis of per-peri-perbenzo[5]- and [9]helicenes in addition to previously reported π-extended [7]helicene. The homogeneously π-extended helicenes can be regarded as helically fused oligo-phenanthrenes. The HOMO−LUMO gap decreased significantly from 2.14 to 1.15 eV with increasing helical length, suggesting the large effective conjugation length (ECL) of the π-extended helical framework. The large ECL of π-extended helicenes is attributed to the large orbital interactions between the phenanthrene subunits at the 9- and 10-positions, which form a polyene-like electronic structure. Based on the experimental results and DFT calculations, the ultrafast decay dynamics on the sub-picosecond timescale were attributed to the low-lying conical intersection

Identification of a Functional Variant in the <i>MICA</i> Promoter Which Regulates <i>MICA</i> Expression and Increases HCV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the major cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Japan. We previously identified the association of SNP rs2596542 in the 5' flanking region of the MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A (MICA) gene with the risk of HCV-induced HCC. In the current study, we performed detailed functional analysis of 12 candidate SNPs in the promoter region and found that a SNP rs2596538 located at 2.8 kb upstream of the MICA gene affected the binding of a nuclear protein(s) to the genomic segment including this SNP. By electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, we identified that transcription factor Specificity Protein 1 (SP1) can bind to the protective G allele, but not to the risk A allele. In addition, reporter construct containing the G allele was found to exhibit higher transcriptional activity than that containing the A allele. Moreover, SNP rs2596538 showed stronger association with HCV-induced HCC (P = 1.82×10−5 and OR = 1.34) than the previously identified SNP rs2596542. We also found significantly higher serum level of soluble MICA (sMICA) in HCV-induced HCC patients carrying the G allele than those carrying the A allele (P = 0.00616). In summary, we have identified a functional SNP that is associated with the expression of MICA and the risk for HCV-induced HCC.</p

Catalyst-integrated gas diffusion electrodes for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis : porous titanium sheets with nanostructured TiO2 surfaces decorated with Ir electrocatalysts

Novel catalyst-integrated gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) for polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) cells are presented, in which porous titanium microfiber sheets are etched in NaOH to generate a nanostructured TiO2 surface, followed by arc plasma deposition (APD) of iridium nanoparticles. The porous titanium sheet acts as a gas diffusion layer (GDL); the nanostructured TiO2 surface acts as a catalyst support with large surface area; and the iridium nanoparticles act as the electrocatalyst. The performance of these unique GDEs in PEMWE cells was optimized by etching in different NaOH concentrations to vary the nanostructure of the TiO2; and by varying the Ir loading via the number of APD pulses. The current-voltage characteristics and the durability of the optimized GDEs were comparable to those reported in the literature using conventional Ir-based electrocatalysts, and electrolysis was achieved with current density up to 5 A cm-2. The main advantages of this catalyst-integrated GDE include the very low iridium loading (i.e. around 0.1 mg cm-2, or just one-tenth of the loading typically used in conventional PEMWEs); high electrolysis current density; the fabrication of stacks with fewer components; and the fabrications of thinner stacks. This could ultimately lead to smaller and lower cost PEMWE systems

Research on the factors impact on “IBASHO” consciousness, self-affirmation and life satisfaction in adolescents. : From attitude survey for youth in Tokushima

Cognition, social skill and environment are associated with mental health in adolescents. It is an important task to improve their cognition, social skill and environment in their adaptation. In this study, we examined the factors impact on “IBASHO (existential place)” consciousness, self-affirmation and life satisfaction in middle and high school students. One thousand one hundred and forty-five(study I), one thousand one hundred and eighty-two(study II) adolescents completed the questionnaire “attitude survey for youth in Tokushima”. In the study I, we analyzed the relation between “IBASHO” consciousness in the family and presence or absence of the experience at home. In study II, we analyzed the relation between the self-affirmation, life satisfaction and the question of history of life. Multiple regression analyses resulted rejected or regulative parenting had negative influence on “IBASHO” consciousness in the family. Accepted parenting had positive influence on “IBASHO” consciousness in the family. Existential destress decreased self-affirmation and life satisfaction in middle and high school students. We concluded it will be necessity to improve “IBASHO” consciousness, self-affirmation and life satisfaction in middle and high school students by means of cultivating parenting and stress coping skills

Continuous Repetition Motor Imagery Training and Physical Practice Training Exert the Growth of Fatigue and Its Effect on Performance

Continuous repetition of motor imagery leads to mental fatigue. This study aimed to examine whether fatigue caused by motor imagery training affects improvement in performance and the change in corticospinal excitability. The participants were divided into “physical practice training” and “motor imagery training” groups, and a visuomotor task (set at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction in participants) was performed to assess the training effect on fatigue. The measurements were recorded before and after training. Corticospinal excitability at rest was measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation according to the Neurophysiological Index. Subjective mental fatigue and muscle fatigue were assessed by using the visual analog scale and by measuring the pinch force, respectively. Additionally, the error area was evaluated and calculated at pre-, mid-, and post-terms after training, using a visuomotor task. After training, muscle fatigue, subjective mental fatigue, and decreased corticospinal excitability were noted in both of the groups. Moreover, the visuomotor task decreased the error area by training; however, there was no difference in the error area between the mid- and post-terms. In conclusion, motor imagery training resulted in central fatigue by continuous repetition, which influenced the improvement in performance in the same manner as physical practice training