The effect of dietary crude protein substitution as protected soybean meal on pregnant and lactating ewes’ performance

Production respons was related to rumen undegradable protein feeding. Twenty-six local late pregnant ewes are penned individually and allocated to four dietary treatment groups of feed supplement, containing different amount of protected soybean meal and provided 0% (R1), 10% (R2) 20% (R3) and 40% (R4) crude protein of feed supplement respectively. Diets were fed until the first 8-week of lactation phase. Results showed that the mean of total dry matter intake (DMI) during late pregnancy was 3,42% of body weight (BW). Dietary treatments of protected-protein tended to increase daily mean intake of dry matter (P0.05), ie. 76.9; 77.25; 77.49 and 78.81 g/kg BW 0.75 for R0, R1, R2 and R3 respectively. A similar trend was noted in daily intake of crude protein with the mean of 9.75; 10.31; 10,75 and 12.1 g/kg BW0.75 (for R0, R1, R2 and R3 respectively) and were not different significantly (P0.05) among dietary treatments. Increasing the amount of protected-protein in the ration influenced (P0.05) the daily live weight gain (ADG) of ewes during the late phase of gestation which was 104.4, 99.4, 120.8 and 148.14 for R0, R1, R2 and R3 respectively. Feed efficiency (DMI/ADG) improved as substitution of protected-protein increased. The total birth weight of lambs (g/ewe) was not significantly different (P0.05), by increasing level of protected-protein in the ration, averaging 3.2 kg/ewe. Increasing protected-protein, increased (P0.05) the daily gain (g/ewe) of lambs during the first 8-week of lactation, and it was 127, 131, 165 and 211 g/ewe/d for R0, R1, R2 and R3 respectively. Consequently, the weaned weight at 8- week of ages increased significantly different (P0.05) as the amount of protected-protein in the diet increased.   Key words: Banana latex, protected-protein, ewes productio

Production response of Etawah cross breed (PE) doe due to improvement of feeding management during late pregnancy and lactation period

An experiment was caried out to study the protein requirement for Etawah cross breed. Thirty Etawah cross breed does were used in this study (average body weight 37.6+3.5 kg) and randomized to obtain one of three treatments. The treatments were the protein content of concentrate supplement. The protein levels were R1 (CP 16%), R2 (CP 22%) and R3 (CP 26%). The concentrate supplements were offered during late pregnancy and early (first 3 months) lactation period. The study showed that dry matter intake during pregnancy and early lactation period was not affected by treatments. The highest average daily gain during late pregnancy reached by R3 (66.45 g/day) which was not significantly different with R2 (61.9 g/day) and R1 (48.8 g/day). The highest total birth weight per does was achieved by R2 (6.05 kg). Average daily milk production was not affected by treatment. The production at first week of lactation was 1,044.5 g/day and decreased to 466.7 g/day in week 11. R2 produced the highest average daily gain (107.8 g/day) preweaning per does, while R1 and R3 was 84 and 84.4 g/day, respectively.   Key words : Etawah cross breed (PE), pregnancy period, lactation period, protein level

The effect of feeding mixtures of banana trunk and soybean meal on lambs performance

This study was intended to determine the effects of increasing the ratio of banana trunk to soybean meal on intake, nitrogen excretion and lambs performance. Sixteen lambs (averaging 21.21 + 1.69 kg) were pen individually and fed a basal diet consisted of chopped fresh king grass and commercial concentrate and unlimited access of water. Lambs were randomly assigned to one out of four different ratio of banana trunk to soybean meal as feed supplements, i.e. (R0) 0:1; (R1) 1:1; (R2) 2:1 and (R3) 4:1. Results showed that the inclusion of banana trunk had no adverse effect on lambs performance. As it is expected, altering the ratio of banana trunk to soybean meal increased (P 0.05) dry matter intake of forage as well as total dry matter intake. The digestion coefficient of dietary ration was not affected (P 0.05) by feed supplement. Despite of no difference was observed in the coefficient of nitrogen digestibility, apparent fecal and urine N-output were significantly (P 0.05) affected. The highest ratio of fed supplement (R3) tended to decrease nitrogen retention. Overall data indicated that lambs offered basal diet supplemented with R2 treatment accumulated more N per-day, than those fed other treatments, and consequently lambs performance was the best on those fed R2 treatment.   Key words: Banana trunk, protected protein, lamb

Biological value (in vitro and in sacco) of chemically treated feather as rumen by pass protein source

A series of experiments has been conducted to study chemical processing method of feather meal using hydrocloric acid (HCl) and to evaluate the biological values by in vitro and is sacco methods of the hydrolitic feather meal (HBA). Feather meal was hydrolyzed using four levels of HCl concentration (i.e.0, 6, 12 and 24%) in three incubation times (i.e. 2, 4, and 6 days). The hydrolysis reaction was carried out in closed container in the ratio of feather meal and HCl of 2:1 (w/v). In vitro evaluation was conducted to measure dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility, DM solubility, ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) content. In sacco to observe the degradation of HBA crude protein. Results of in sacco evaluation in rumen showed that soluble and degraded crude proteins (CP) were significantly only affected by HCl concentration (P0.01). The rate and the amount of degraded protein in 24 hours inclution in the rumen were affected by the HCl concentration and incubation time of hydrolysis. More amino acid degradation occurred on longer time showed that HCl had quadratic effect (P0,01) on pH of HBA. However durations of hydrolysis did not significantly affect acidity (P0.05). In vitro DM and OM digestibilities of HBA increased as the concentration of HCl was increased. The increase of DM digestibility followed the equation Y = -0.0231x3 + 0.7323x2 – 1.5716x + 12.383 (r = 0.994); and the OM digestibility followed the equation Y = -0.0229x3 + 0.7194x2 – 1.0606x + 15.951 (r = 0.993). Time of incubation, on the other hand, did not affect OM and DM digestibilities (P0.05). DM solubility of HBA was significantly affected by HCl concentration and the length of incubation time (P0.01). The increase of DM solubility was followed by the increase of NH3 content (P0.01). The relation between DM solubility and NH3 content followed the equation Y = 0.4365x + 5.4047 (r = 0.966). The increase of DM solubility followed the equation Y = -0.027x3 + 0.9596x2 – 4.8142x + 5.3878 (r = 0.973) and the increase of NH3 content followed the equation Y = -0.0085x3 + 0.3175x2 – 1.4139x + 7.0889 (r = 0.992). Result of in sacco evaluation showed that fraction of crude protein (CP) disolved and fraction of CP degraded in rumen was significantly affected by HCl concentration (P0.01), while the rate of CP degradation and the amount of fraction degraded during 24 hours in the rumen were affected by the HCl concentration and the durations of hydrolysis (P0.01)  indicating that more feather meal protein was hydrolized by HCl, therefore weakened or cut the chain of amino acid in the feather protein. Treatment with 12% HCl for 4 days hydrolysis of feather meal resulted in CP fraction degradation during 24 hours incubation in the rumen of 53%, indicating that the potency of CP of HBA as rumen by pass protein was 47%.   Key words: Chicken feather, HCl hydrolysis, digestibility by pass protei

Utilization of Inconventional Feedstuffs for Animal Production

In the recent past, the increasing cost of imported feed ingredients, known as the main components of completed ration, caused the bankrupt of the intensive poultry industry. On the other hand, negative affect was faced by ruminant animal due to the potential land used for agriculture has been swidden/shifted to non-agricultural function, resulting in a shortage of feed sources, availability and supply for ruminant animal. Consequently, the animal productivity is low. There is ,therefore a need to look for cheaper alternative sources of feedstuffs has to be given in order to optimize the productivity of animal utilizing available feed in this country. A number of investigations have been done in order to overcome the feed availability problem, including the potential of crop by-product as a part of concentrate component. Although, crop by-product is   always generally related to cheaper feedstuff, there are several matters need to be considered. Those factors are the continuation of crop by-product availability, the nutrient content of crop by-products, the possibility of any limiting factors, such as the existence of toxic constituents as well as the processing needed before feeding to the animal. Experiment results on utilization of several crop by- products, such as rice bran, cassava leaves, coconut meal, palm oil cake, cocoa pod husks, tofu residue, shrimp (Penaeus Sp) meal, banana steam and rami (Haramaj Sp) leaves  in feeding ruminant animal (cattle and sheep) and non-rumiants animal (local and imported poultry as well as duck) will be reviewed in this paper.   Key words: Inconventional feedstuffs, crop by-product, animal productio

Opportunity of Using Feather Meal for Ruminant Feed Stuff

Feather, a waste product of chicken is a potencial protein source for animal feeds. The average production of feather is 6% of the life weight of the chicken. Broiler population in Indonesia in 2003 was 917,707,000; for DKI area was 1,360,000 while for West Java was 308,021,118. Research results indicate that chicken were slaughtered at 35 day of age with the range of body weight of 1 to 2.2 kg. The number of broiler slughtered every month in Jakarta is 4,679,500 head, resulted in feather of 350 ton/month while for Bogor area the number of slaughtered broiler is 1,255,000 head/month, produce feather of 135 ton/month. Feather meal can be used as protein source in ruminant feed as much as 40%. Key words: Feather meal, crude protein, ruminant feed stuf

Strategic study on energy-protein requirements for local sheep: 4. Ewes during late pregnancy

Thirty-six Javanese thin-tail ewes were set out to study the energy and crude protein requirements for the last eight-week of pregnancy. The ewes were randomlly assigned to a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement and offered nine diets comprising three levels of energy (low, medium and high) and three levels of crude protein (low, medium and high) with four ewes per treatment. The diets were pelleted and offered four times daily at approximately in the same amount. Results showed that, despite a difference of energy concentration in the diets, dry matter intake was not significantly (P>0.05) affected, but crude protein concentration was (P<0.05). Energy concentration in the diet also had no effect (P>0.05) on protein intake. However, protein concentration in the diets significantly affected on protein intake and protein excreted in the feces. Moreover, an interaction between energy and protein levels was not detected on energy and nitrogen availability utilization. This study demonstrated that a high efficiency on nitrogen utilization could be achieved on low crude protein diets. It was also found that crude protein and energy requirements for maintanance during pregnancy phase were 0.67 g/kg BW0.75 and 0.425 MJ EM/kg BW0.75 respectively.   Key words: Protein-energy requirement, pregnancy phase, ewes

THE UTILIZATION OF THE COMPLETE RUMEN MODIFIER ON DAIRY COWS

ABSTRACT An experiment on the use of Complete Rumen Modifier (CRM) to improve dairy cow productivity and to mitigate enteric methane production has been conducted. Sixteen lactating dairy cows were distributed into 4 groups by using compelete randomized design (CRD). Group I (Control) fed by basal diet consisted of elephant grass and concentrate 7.5 kg/hd/dy (CP 16% and TDN 70%), Group II (Pro. Woodii) fed by basal diet + probiotic Woodii, Group III (Pro.Noterae) fed by basal diet + probiotic Noterae; Group IV (CRM-Noterae) fed by basal diet + CRM + Pro.Noterae. Measurements were conducted on body weight gain, average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, milk and methane production. Results showed that CRM-Noterae increased ADG by 72% (1.29 vs 0.75 kg) and improved FCR (9.2 vs 15.6). Probiotic noterae as single treatment or combined with CRM increased fat and total solid content of milk from 3.18% and 10.58% in control group to become 3.91%; 11.31% and 3.55%; 11.02%, respectively. The lowest methane production was recorded in Group IV. The combination of CRM and Noterae reduced percentage of methane production by 14%. It is concluded that combination of CRM and Noterae can improve dairy cow performance and decrease methane production. Probiotic Noterae improved milk quality

Additional calcium carbonate into concentrate diet for sheep fed ensiled king grass as a based-diet

In order to ascertain the effect of additional calcium carbonate into concentrate diet, on the performance of sheep fed ensiled king grass as a basal diet, a trial was conducted using 28 growing sheep ( average body weight 17 _+ 1 .4 kg). Based on body weight, the animals were grouped and randomized into four dietary treatments in block randomized design . Dietary treatments were (i) chopped king grass + 400 g of concentrate, (ii) ensiled king grass + 400 g concentrate + 0 % of calcium carbonate, (iii) ensiled king grass + 400 g concentrate + 5 % calcium carbonate and (iv) ensiled king grass + 400 g concentrate + 10 % calcium carbonate . Results showed that offering 5 % of calcium carbonate into concentrate diet increased (P 0 .05) dry matter and nutrient intake of silage, but digestibility coefficients were similar (P 0 .05) for all groups . No differences in the apparent digestibility of the nutrient components were observed, but crude protein decreased significantly (P 0 .05) . A significant relationship ( P 0 .01) was found between nitrogen intake (NI) and nitrogen retention (NR), and the equation was  NR = - 0.1848 + 0.3788 NI ( r = 0.9 ) . Based on data found that feeding only ensiled king grass as a single diet could not meet the maintenance requirement of energy and protein, therefore, additional energy and crude protein sources is needed .   Keywords : Silage, king grass, growing shee

Banana stem juice protected soy bean meal as feed suplement to sheep: In sacco and in vivo

Protein with low resistant of rumen degradability must be protected, which part of its protein could reach post ruminal and able to supply amino acids for ruminant. The experiment was conducted to obtain the best ratio of soy bean meal with banana stem juice as feed supplement protecting protein. Rumen degradability using rumen fistulated sheep were evaluated in saccous at incubation times of 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours. The best ratio in the in sacco experiment was used for further in vivo experiment. Fifteen growing lambs with average live weight of 18.6 ± 2.2 kg were grouped according to body weight in trial with a simple randomized design. Three treated rations were R0 = control diet with 0% protected soy bean meal, R50 = diet with 50% protected soy bean meal, and R100 = diet with 100% protected soy bean meal. All diets were iso nitrogen and iso energy (CP 18% and TDN 75%). Diet consisted approximately 30% king grass and 70% concentrate. The experimental diets were offered for 12 weeks. The result from in sacco experiment showed that the best ratio between soybean meal and banana stem juice was 2:1 w/v (R2). This mixture had the highest rumen undegradable dry matter and protein. Result from in vivo experiment showed that the intake and digestibility of dry matters, the intake and digestibility of crude protein. The intake and digestibilities of dry matter intakes and digestibilitie of crude protein, pH value, NH3-N, total bacteria, purin and total VFA in rumen fluid were not affected by feed supplement. The same average body weight at the beginning of study resulted same body weight at the end of study. The ADG of R50 and R100 (138.1 and 122.2 g) were respectively not different with the control, RO (120.9g). It was concluded that soy bean meal and banana stem juice 2:1 w/v was the best ratio, but as feed supplement with high resistant rumen degradable protein can not produce higher growth rate than the control group