Concrete sewer pipe corrosion induced by sulphuric acid environment

Corrosion of concrete sewer pipes induced by sulphuric acid attack is a recognised problem worldwide, which is not only an attribute of countries with hot climate conditions as thought before. The significance of this problem is by far only realised when the pipe collapses causing surface flooding and other severe consequences. To change the existing post-reactive attitude of managing companies, easy to use and robust models are required to be developed which currently lack reliable data to be correctly calibrated. This paper focuses on laboratory experiments of establishing concrete pipe corrosion rate by submerging samples in to 0.5 pH sulphuric acid solution for 56 days under 10ºC, 20ºC and 30ºC temperature regimes. The result showed that at very early stage of the corrosion process the samples gained overall mass, at 30ºC the corrosion progressed quicker than for other temperature regimes, however with time the corrosion level for 10ºC and 20ºC regimes tended towards those at 30ºC. Overall, at these conditions the corrosion rates of 10 mm/year, 13,5 mm/year and 17 mm/year were observed

Timeline of global immunisation mandates.

The emergence of global health partnerships (GHPs) towards the end of the twentieth century reflected concerns about slow progress in access to essential medicines, including vaccines. These partnerships bring together governments, private philanthropic foundations, NGOs, and international agencies. Those in the vaccine field seek to incentivise the development and manufacture of new vaccines, raise funds to pay for them and develop and support systems to deliver them to those in need. These activities became more critical during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the COVAX Facility Initiative promoting global vaccine equity. This review identifies lessons from previous experiences with GHPs. Findings contribute to understanding the emergence of GHPs, the mechanisms they leverage to support global access to vaccines, and the inherent challenges associated with their implementation. Using Arksey and O’Malley’s method, we conducted a scoping review to identify and synthesise relevant articles. We analysed data thematically to identify barriers and opportunities for success. We included 68 eligible articles of 3,215 screened. Most (65 [95%]) were discussion or review articles describing partnerships or programmes they supported, and three (5%) were commentaries. Emerging themes included policy responses (e.g., immunisation mandates), different forms of partnerships arising in vaccine innovation (e.g., product development partnerships, public-private partnerships for access), and influence on global governance decision-making processes (e.g., the rising influence of foundations, diminishing authority of WHO, lack of accountability and transparency, creation of disease silos). If global health partnerships are to maximise their contributions, they should: (1) increase transparency, especially regarding their impacts; (2) address the need for health systems strengthening; and (3) address disincentives for cooperative vaccine research and development partnerships and encourage expansion of manufacturing capacity in low and middle-income countries.</div

PRISMA flow diagram for scoping reviews.

The emergence of global health partnerships (GHPs) towards the end of the twentieth century reflected concerns about slow progress in access to essential medicines, including vaccines. These partnerships bring together governments, private philanthropic foundations, NGOs, and international agencies. Those in the vaccine field seek to incentivise the development and manufacture of new vaccines, raise funds to pay for them and develop and support systems to deliver them to those in need. These activities became more critical during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the COVAX Facility Initiative promoting global vaccine equity. This review identifies lessons from previous experiences with GHPs. Findings contribute to understanding the emergence of GHPs, the mechanisms they leverage to support global access to vaccines, and the inherent challenges associated with their implementation. Using Arksey and O’Malley’s method, we conducted a scoping review to identify and synthesise relevant articles. We analysed data thematically to identify barriers and opportunities for success. We included 68 eligible articles of 3,215 screened. Most (65 [95%]) were discussion or review articles describing partnerships or programmes they supported, and three (5%) were commentaries. Emerging themes included policy responses (e.g., immunisation mandates), different forms of partnerships arising in vaccine innovation (e.g., product development partnerships, public-private partnerships for access), and influence on global governance decision-making processes (e.g., the rising influence of foundations, diminishing authority of WHO, lack of accountability and transparency, creation of disease silos). If global health partnerships are to maximise their contributions, they should: (1) increase transparency, especially regarding their impacts; (2) address the need for health systems strengthening; and (3) address disincentives for cooperative vaccine research and development partnerships and encourage expansion of manufacturing capacity in low and middle-income countries.</div

Association between publication output (1996–2010) and gross national product per capita (2008), Africa.

<p>Association between publication output (1996–2010) and gross national product per capita (2008), Africa.</p

Countries and territories with the fewest publications in medicine (1996–2010) in absolute numbers.

<p>Note: The term “United States Minor Outlying Islands" encompasses a group of Pacific atolls with no permanent population. While featured in only six publications, it has a high proportion of scientists among the 300 or so temporary visitors, incidentally, making it the territory with the highest number of publications per head of population in the world.</p

PRISMA checklist.

The emergence of global health partnerships (GHPs) towards the end of the twentieth century reflected concerns about slow progress in access to essential medicines, including vaccines. These partnerships bring together governments, private philanthropic foundations, NGOs, and international agencies. Those in the vaccine field seek to incentivise the development and manufacture of new vaccines, raise funds to pay for them and develop and support systems to deliver them to those in need. These activities became more critical during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the COVAX Facility Initiative promoting global vaccine equity. This review identifies lessons from previous experiences with GHPs. Findings contribute to understanding the emergence of GHPs, the mechanisms they leverage to support global access to vaccines, and the inherent challenges associated with their implementation. Using Arksey and O’Malley’s method, we conducted a scoping review to identify and synthesise relevant articles. We analysed data thematically to identify barriers and opportunities for success. We included 68 eligible articles of 3,215 screened. Most (65 [95%]) were discussion or review articles describing partnerships or programmes they supported, and three (5%) were commentaries. Emerging themes included policy responses (e.g., immunisation mandates), different forms of partnerships arising in vaccine innovation (e.g., product development partnerships, public-private partnerships for access), and influence on global governance decision-making processes (e.g., the rising influence of foundations, diminishing authority of WHO, lack of accountability and transparency, creation of disease silos). If global health partnerships are to maximise their contributions, they should: (1) increase transparency, especially regarding their impacts; (2) address the need for health systems strengthening; and (3) address disincentives for cooperative vaccine research and development partnerships and encourage expansion of manufacturing capacity in low and middle-income countries.</div

Countries and territories with the fewest publications in medicine (1996–2010) per capita.

<p>Countries and territories with the fewest publications in medicine (1996–2010) per capita.</p

PURE subject characteristics stratified by country/state.

<p>BMI = body-mass index; GDP = gross domestic product; GS = grip strength; NA = not available because dietary data have not yet been analysed; SD = standard deviation. Medal tally refers to Summer Olympic Games from 2000–16 inclusive.</p

Huolesta puheeksi - uskalla puuttua varhain, opetustuokio ja posteri terveydenhoitotyön opiskelijoille

Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli suunnitella ja toteuttaa aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin perustuen luento ja posteri varhaisesta puuttumisesta ja huolen puheeksi ottamisesta Satakunnan ammattikorkeakoulun terveydenhoitotyön opiskelijoille. Tavoitteena oli lisätä terveydenhoitotyötä Satakunnan ammattikorkeakoulussa opiskelevien tietoutta varhaisesta puuttumisesta ja huolien puheeksi ottamisesta sekä antaa työkaluja huolen ottamiseksi esille asiakasta kunnioittavalla tavalla. Tavoitteena oli myös lisätä omaa tietämystä aiheesta sekä saada kokemusta posterin tekemisestä ja luennon pitämisestä. Aihe on ajankohtainen, sillä lastensuojelu on ollut mediassa viime aikoina paljon esillä. Posteri sisälsi tietoa varhaisesta puuttumisesta ja sen merkityksestä, huolen puheeksi ottamisen menetelmästä, ennakoinnista sekä huolen vyöhykkeistöstä ja sen käytöstä. Projektin teoriaan sisältyivät lastensuojelulaki sekä lastensuojelun laatusuositus, varhainen puuttuminen, dialogi ja dialogisuus, huolen puheeksi ottamisen menetelmä, ennakointilomake ja huolen vyöhykkeistö. Opiskelijoille pidetty luento perustui projektin teoriaan. Posteri sai hyvää palautetta. Se oli selkeä, värit sopivat aiheeseen ja tekstiä sekä kuvia oli sopivasti. Luennosta pidettiin ja aihe koettiin tärkeäksi ja ajankohtaiseksi. Luennon aihe oli kuulijoiden mielestä mielenkiintoinen ja luennolla opittiin uutta. Mahdolliseksi jatkoprojektiksi voisi järjestää luentopäivän varhaisesta puuttumisesta, lastensuojeluilmoituksen tekemisestä ja huolen puheeksi ottamisesta.The purpose of this thesis was to design and implement a lecture and a poster based on earlier studies about early intervention and taking up one´s worries. The lecture and the poster were directed to public health nursing students at Satakunta University of Applied Sciences. The aim was to increase the knowledge of early intervention and of taking up one´s worries among the public health care students at Satakunta University of Applied Sciences. In addition, the aim was to provide tools to take up one´s worries in a customer friendly manner. One of the aims was also to increase the author´s knowledge of the subject, as well as to gain experience in making a poster and giving a lecture. The subject is topical as child protection has been featured in media a lot recently. The poster contained information about the early intervention and its significance, about the method on taking up one´s worry as well as anticipation and the zones of subjective worry and how to use them. The theory of this project contained the child protection law and the quality recommendation of child protection, early intervention, dialog, the method of taking up one´s worries, the anticipation form and the zones of subjective worry. The lecture held to students was based on the theory of the project. The poster received good feedback from viewers. It was clear with colours that fit the subject and there was a right amount of text and pictures. Listeners liked the lecture and its subject was viewed as important and topical. Listeners thought that the subject of the lecture was interesting and that new things were learned during the lecture. One potential future project could be to organize a lecture day about the early intervention, how to make a child protection notice or how to take up one´s worries

Population Muscle Strength Predicts Olympic Medal Tallies: Evidence from 20 Countries in the PURE Prospective Cohort Study

<div><p>Background</p><p>National sporting achievement at the Olympic Games is important for national pride and prestige, and to promote participation in sport. Summer Olympic Games medal tallies have been associated with national wealth, and also social development and healthcare expenditure. It is uncertain however, how these socioeconomic factors translate into Olympic success. The objective of this study was therefore to examine the relationship between population muscle strength and Olympic medal tallies.</p><p>Methods and Results</p><p>This study of handgrip strength represents a cross-sectional analysis of the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study, which is an ongoing population cohort study of individuals from high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Within participating countries, households from both urban and rural communities were invited to participate using a sampling strategy intended to yield a sample that was representative of the community. Households were eligible if at least one member was aged 35–70 years and if they intended living at the same address for a further four years. A total of 152,610 participants from these households, located in 21 countries, were included in this analysis. Handgrip strength was measured using a Jamar dynanometer. Olympic medal tallies were made over the five most recent Summer Games.</p><p>There was a significant positive association between national population grip strength (GS) and medal tally that persisted after adjustment for sex, age, height, average daily caloric intake and GDP (total and per capita). For every 1kg increase in population GS, the medal tally increased by 36% (95% CI 13–65%, p = 0.001) after adjustment. Among countries that won at least one medal over the four most recent Summer Olympic Games, there was a close linear relationship between adjusted GS and the natural logarithm of the per capita medal tally (adjusted r = 0.74, p = 0.002).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Population muscle strength may be an important determinant of Summer Olympic Games medal success. Further research is needed to understand whether population muscle strength is modifiable, and whether this can improve Olympic medal success. Extreme outcomes may reflect the average attributes of the population from which the individual experiencing the extreme outcome is drawn.</p></div