678 research outputs found
Gene Modulation by Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs) Targeting microRNAs (miRs)
Since non-viral gene therapy was developed and employed in different in vitro and in vivo
experimental systems as an effective way to control and modify gene expression, RNA has
been considered as a molecular target of great relevance (Li &Huang, 2008, LĂłpez-Fraga et
al., 2008). In combination with standard chemotherapy, the siRNA therapy can reduce the
chemoresistance of certain cancers, demonstrating its potential for treating many malignant
diseases. Examples of RNA sequences to be targeted for therapeutic applications are
mRNAs coding oncoproteins or RNA coding anti-apoptotic proteins for the development of
anti-cancer therapy.
In the last years, progresses in molecular biology have allowed to identify many genes
Coding for small non coding RNA molecules, microRNA (miRNAs or miRs), able to
regulate gene expression at the translation level (Huang et al., 2008, Shrivastava &
Shrivastava, 2008, Sahu et al. 2007, Orlacchio et al., 2007, Williams et al., 2008,
Papagiannakopoulos & Kosik, 2008). Accordingly, an increasing number of reports associate
the changed expression with specific phenotypes and even with pathological conditions
(Garzon & Croce, 2008, Mascellani et al., 2008, Sontheimer & Carthew, 2005, Filipowicz et
al., 2005, Alvarez-Garcia & Miska, 2005). Interestingly, microRNAs play a double role in
cancer, behaving both as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. In general, miRs promoting
cancer targets mRNA coding for tumor-suppression proteins, while microRNAs exhibiting
tumor-suppression properties usually target mRNAs coding oncoproteins. MicroRNAs
which have been demonstrated to play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of
human cancer are defined as oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs) (Cho, 2007). The oncomiR
expression profiling of human malignancies has also identified a number of diagnostic and
prognostic cancer signals (Cho, 2007, Lowery et al., 2008). Moreover, microRNAs have been
firmly demonstrated to be involved in cancer metastasis (metastamiRs).
Examples of metastasis-promoting microRNAs are, miR-10b (Calin et al., 2006), miR-373 and -
520c (Woods et al., 2007), miR-21, -143 and -182 (Hayashita et al., 2005; Si et al., 2007; Zhu et al.,2007). Reviews on metastamiR has been recently published Hurst et al. (Hurst et al. 2009,
Edmonds et al. 2009). Reviews on metastamiRs has been recently published by Hurst et al
EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2013. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to a combination of Tuscan black cabbage, âtri-colouredâ Swiss chard, âbicolouredâ spinach and âblu savoyâ cabbage and maintenance of normal blood LDL-cholesterol concentration pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006.
EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2013. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and maintenance of normal defecation during antibiotic treatment pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to âEFAXâą and reduction of menstrual discomfort pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
Following an application from Nutrilinks Sarl submitted for authorisation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of Cyprus, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to âEFAXâą and reduction of menstrual discomfort. The food, âEFAXâą, which is standardised pure krill oil and is the subject of the health claim, is sufficiently characterised. The claimed effect, reduction of menstrual discomfort, is a beneficial physiological effect. No human intervention studies from which conclusions could be drawn for the scientific substantiation of the claim were provided by the applicant. A cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of âEFAXâą and reduction of menstrual discomfort
EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2013. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to riboflavin (vitamin B2) and contribution to normal energy-yielding metabolism pursuant to Article 14 of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2013. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to ânon - fermentable â carbohydrates and maintenance of tooth mineralisation by decreasing tooth demineralisation pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
Following an application from Roquette FrĂšres, submitted for authorisation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of France, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to NutrioseÂź which should replace âfermentable carbohydratesâ in foods or beverages in order to obtain the claimed effect, i.e. maintenance of tooth mineralisation by reducing tooth demineralisation. From the information provided, the Panel noted that the main characteristic of carbohydrates which is relevant to the claimed effect is the rate and amount of acid production resulting from their fermentation by saccharolytic bacteria in the oral cavity. This Opinion applies to ânon-fermentableâ carbohydrates, which should replace âfermentableâ carbohydrates in foods or beverages in order to obtain the claimed effect. The Panel considers that maintaining tooth mineralisation by reducing tooth demineralisation resulting from acid production in plaque caused by the fermentation of carbohydrates is a beneficial physiological effect. The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has been established between the consumption of foods/beverages containing âfermentableâ carbohydrates at an exposure frequency of four or more times daily and an increased tooth demineralisation, and that the consumption of foods/beverages containing ânon-fermentableâ carbohydrates instead of âfermentableâ carbohydrates may maintain tooth mineralisation by decreasing tooth demineralisation. In order to bear the claim, âfermentableâ carbohydrates should be replaced in foods or beverages by ânon-fermentableâ carbohydrates, so that consumption of such foods or beverages does not lower plaque pH below 5.7 during and up to 30 minutes after consumption, and does not lead to dental erosion
EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA); Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to E<em>ff</em><sub>EXT</sub>âą and maintenance of normal joint mobility pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
Following an application from Nutrilinks Sarl, submitted pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 via the Competent Authority of Belgium, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to EffEXTâą and maintenance of normal joint mobility. The Panel considers that EffEXTâą, which is standardised pure krill oil, is sufficiently characterised. The claimed effect proposed by the applicant is âcontributes to support joint flexibilityâ. The Panel considers that maintenance of normal joint mobility is a beneficial physiological effect. The applicant identified one human intervention study as being pertinent to the health claim. The Panel notes that chronic inflammation was an inclusion criterion of the study, that a significant number of the patients recruited were reported to have confirmed diagnosis of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, or of both cardiovascular disease and osteoarthritis, and that the WOMAC osteoarthritis questionnaire was administered only to patients with arthritic disease (osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis). The Panel also notes that no evidence which could justify the extrapolation of the results, obtained in patients with joint diseases characterised by chronic inflammation, to the target population, subjects without chronic joint diseases, was provided by the applicant. The Panel considers that no conclusions can be drawn from this study for the scientific substantiation of the claim. The Panel concludes that a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of EffEXTâą and maintenance of normal joint mobility
EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2013 . S tatement on the safety of ' Cetyl Myristoleate Complex ' as an ingredient in food supplements
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies was asked to update its opinion on the safety of âCetyl Myristoleate Complexâ (CMC) as a novel food ingredient in the light of a new repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity study in mice. In its previous opinion of 2010, the Panel concluded that based on the available data, the safety of CMC as an ingredient in food supplements has not been established. This conclusion was based on the considerations that in the absence of appropriate data on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, the provided toxicological data were insufficient. Whereas the applicant considers that the NOAEL of CMC in this new 90-day study was 1000 mg/kg body weight (bw), the highest dose tested, the Panel considers that this study and study report has many shortcomings to be a reliable source of information supporting the absence of adverse effects of the parent material CMC. The Panel concludes that the safety of 'Cetyl Myristoleate Complex' has not been established
EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2013. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to Preservation Âź and â rapid recovery of cellular activity post stress â pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006
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