506 research outputs found
Cloud cover, cloud liquid water and cloud attenuation at Ka and V bands over equatorial climate
Cloud cover statistics and their diurnal variation have been obtained from in situ and satellite measurements for
three equatorial locations. Cloud liquid water content, 0 °C isotherm height and cloud attenuation have also been
obtained from radiosonde measurement using the so-called Salonen model at Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). The
results show a strong seasonal variation of cloud cover and cloud liquid water content on the two monsoon
seasons. The Liquid Water Content (LWC) obtained from radiosonde and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission
(TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) is higher during the Northeast Monsoon season, which corresponds to the
period of higher percentage cloud cover and high rainfall accumulation. The International Telecommunication
Union—Region (ITU-R) model underestimates the cumulative distribution of LWC values at the present station.
The relationship of the cloud attenuation, derived from the profiles of liquid water density and temperature within
the cloud, shows an underestimate by the data obtained from the ITU-R model. The cloud attenuation at Kuala
Lumpur is somewhat underestimated by the ITU-R model up to about 1.2 dB at Ka (30 GHz) and 3.4 dB at V (50
GHz) bands. The results of the specific attenuation can be used for the estimation of cloud attenuation at
microwave and millimetre wave over earth-space paths. The present data are important for planning and design of
satellite communications at Ka and V bands on the Earth–space path in the equatorial region
Some preliminary results of the fine structure profiles of radio refractivity near the surface at Ota, Southwest Nigeria
Some preliminary results are presented of the fine structure profiles of surface radio refractivity, Ns,
over Ota, Southwest Nigeria (6° 42'N, 3° 14'E) computed from in-situ, one minute interval
measurements of surface pressure, temperature and relative humidity. A wireless Davis Vantage
Pro2 Weather Station instrument installed at the Department of Physics, Covenant University, Ota in
April 2012, was used to obtain the measured variables. Hourly, daily and monthly average values of
surface water vapour density, dry, wet and total radio refractivity were obtained for the months of
April 2012 to March 2013. The distance to the radio horizon for a given transmitter height may be
deduced from the observation that Ns is well correlated with the gradient of refractivity over the first
kilometer above ground. Refractivity gradients utilized for the work were those obtained in a previous
work for Oshodi, a meteorological weather station near the coast and close to Ota
Cloud attenuation studies of the six major climatic zones of Africa for Ka and V satellite system design
Cloud cover statistics, cloud base and top height, cloud temperature, frequency of precipitation, freezing height, total cloud liquid water content (TCLWC) and cloud attenuation data have been obtained for the six major climatic zones of Africa. The present results reveal a strong positive correlation between the monthly distribution of low cloud cover, cloud top height, cloud temperature, and frequency of precipitation in the six zones. The cumulative distribution of the TCLWC derived from radiosonde measurement in each climatic zone shows a departure from the
TCLWC recommended by the ITU Study Group 3 data, with an exceedance percentage difference of 32% to 90% occurring 0.01% to 10% of the time. The underestimation of the TCLWC is greatest in the tropical rain forest. A comparison of the cloud attenuation cumulative distribution in the Ka and V bands reveals that the International Telecommunication
Union – Region (ITU-R) is an intergovernmental organization
that develops rain model based on collected data around the world. This model underestimates the cloud attenuation in all of the six climatic zones by 2.0 dB and 4.7 dB for the arid Sahara desert, 1.3 dB and 3.0 dB in semi-arid North Africa, 1.3 dB and 1.5 dB in savannah North Africa, 2.0
dB and 3.6 dB in the tropical rain forest, 1.3 dB and 2.9 dB in savannah South Africa and 0.9 dB and 2.6 dB in semi-arid South Africa, respectively, at 30 and 50 GHz. Overall, the cloud attenuation in the tropical rain-forest zone is very high because of the high annual total cloud cover(98%), high annual frequency of precipitation (4.5), low annual clear sky amount (8%), high cloud depth (10,937 m), high 0°C isotherm height (4.7 km), high TCLWC (4.0 kg/m2 at 0.01%) and low seasonal cloud base height (356 m)
Usporedba modela intenziteta oborine za područja s ekvatorijalnom klimom u jugoistočnoj Aziji
Statistics of 1 minute rain rate has a major impact in the design of satellite communication systems at frequencies above 10 GHz. The effect of rain causes serious degradation of radio signals at frequencies above about 10 GHz; therefore, models for the prediction of statistics of excess path attenuation needed for the design of communication propagation paths requires a statistical description of rain-rate occurrences. In this paper, the tasks are tackled by processing 3 years rain rate data for selected sites in the equatorial region. A comparison between rain rate data set with a sampling period of 1 minute and existing rain rate prediction models is presented.Statistika minutnih intenziteta oborine ima veliki utjecaj na modeliranje satelitskih komunikacijskih sustava koji rade na frekvencijama višim od 10 GHz. Utjecaj kiše uzrokuje jaku degradaciju radio signala na frekvencijama 10 GHz i višim; stoga modeli za predviđanje prekoračenja dozvoljenog propagacijskog gušenja, koje je potrebno za izbor komunikacijskih pravaca, zahtijevaju statistički opis intenziteta oborine na tim pravcima. U ovom su radu obrađeni trogodišnji nizovi podataka s intenzitetima oborine za odabrane postaje u ekvatorijalnom području. Uspoređeni su rezultati dobiveni s nizovima podataka intenziteta oborine koji su uzorkovani s periodom jedne minute s onima dobivenima prognostičkim modelima intenziteta oborine
Atmospheric gas impact on fixed satellite communication link a study of its effects at Ku, Ka and V bands in Nigeria
The total atmospheric absorption due to Oxygen and water vapour on the earth-space path at Ku (12/14 GHz), Ka (20/30 GHz), and V (40/50 GHz) bands was evaluated for communication with Nigeria communication satellite (Nigcomsat1) on both uplink and down link at 0.01 % unavailability of an average year. The basic input climatic data used include monthly and yearly mean meteorological parameters of surface and vertical profiles of pressure, temperature, and relative humidity obtained from recent measurement from space by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument on NASA's Aqua spacecraft for the period 2002 to 2006. The International Telecommunication Union Radio Propagation Recommendation (ITU-RP 676, 2009) procedure was used for the computation of gaseous attenuation for each of the 37-stations in Nigeria. Attenuation values were obtain for both uplink and downlink frequencies, at Ku, Ka and V bands, total atmospheric absorption was determined to be between (0.11 to 0.24) dB, (0.7 to 1.1) dB and (0.82 to 3.1) dB for Ku, Ka, and V bands respectively. Contour maps showing a consistent signal absorption due to Oxygen is generally higher in the South-West region and water-vapour attenuation higher in the South-South part of Nigeria are presented
Simple Mail Box Design of Dual Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless LAN Communications
In this paper, a simple mail box design of a dual band microstrip patch antenna, is proposed, designed, fabricated and measured for wireless LAN communications. The proposed antenna is designed using the TLC 30 (TACONIC) substrate, with a relative permittivity of 4.3 and substrate height of 1.6mm. It is designed to operate at 2.44 GHz and 5. 30 GHz respectively. The proposed antenna is the size of 31mm x 34mm x1.6mm and is incited by a 50 Ω micro strip feed line. The characteristics of the antenna are designed and the performance of the modelled antenna is evaluated using CST Microwave Studio. The return loss, radiation patterns and peak antenna gain of 6.5 dBi for frequency 2.44 GHz and 6.2 dBi for 5.30 GHz is separately and successfully plotted. The fabricated prototype exhibits an agreement between the measured and simulated return loss
A quarter-wave Y-shaped patch antenna with two unequal arms for wideband Ultra High Frequency Radio-frequency identification (UHF RFID) operations
The radio-frequency identification (RFID) system which has become pervasive in the auto identification
technology has been noticed to have several limitations. These limitations can be broadly divided into
two major areas namely; application specific problems and general RFID problems. Application specific
problems are common to the environment in which RFID tags are deployed such as metal, aqueous and
irradiation environments. Whilst, the general problem of RFID tags include low gain, regional
specifications and so on. In this paper, a new antenna prototype has been design and stimulated. The
proposed antenna showed tendency of exhibiting improved gain from the previous RFID UHF antenna
which is 0-1 dBi to -3 dBi and impedance bandwidth of 140 MHz. The proposed antenna is Y shaped
patch with unequal monopole arms which are responsible for the different frequencies that the antenna
operates and a quarter wavelengths was adopted rather than the popular half wavelength for size
reduction. The fractional return-loss bandwidth for S11<10 dB and radiation efficiency are about 95%
was obtained
A Tropical Model for Analyzing Radio Refractivity: Selected Locations in North Central, Nigeria
The effect of climatic global change has altered the
meteorological factor of the ITU model especially in the lower
atmosphere. The refractivity results obtained in an active
tropical region of West Africa need to be reappraised. A model
known as the Tropic model was derived and tested using NOAA
data set. The data set were obtained from Meteorological data
obtained from NOAA (USAF) Climatology center. Radiosonde
data set was at least 39 years between 1973-2012 for six stations
within the North-central of Nigeria. It was observed that the
Tropic model detected tropospheric perturbations caused by the
extensive influence of aerosol influx. This was confirmed by the
hourly refractivity obtained from the ITU model. Hence, the ITU
model and the Tropic model are complementary to each other for
an accurate terrestrial radio links calculation
Propagation Measurement on Earth-Sky Signal Effects for High Speed Train Satellite Channel in Tropical Region at Ku-Band
Recent advances in satellite communication technologies in the tropical regions have led to significant increase in the demand for services and applications that require high channel quality for mobile satellite terminals. Determination and quantification of these requirements are important to optimize service quality, particularly in the Malaysian region. Moreover, the tests on current satellite propagation models were carried out at temperate regions whose environmental characteristics are much different from those in Malaysia. This difference renders these propagation models inapplicable and irrelevant to tropical regions in general. This paper presents the link characteristics observations and performance analysis with propagation measurements done in tropical region to provide an accurate database regarding rain and power arches supply (PAs) attenuations in the tropics for mobile scenarios. Hence, an extension for improving the performance assessment and analysis of satellite/transmission has been achieved. The Malaysia propagation measurement for mobile scenario (Malaysia-PMMS) enables first-hand coarse estimation and attenuation analysis, because the attenuation resulting from rain and PAs becomes easily amenable for measurement. Parallel to that, the measured attenuation has been compared with that of the simulated output at noise floor level. The underlying analytical tool is validated by measurements specific at tropical region, for dynamic model of mobile satellite links operating at higher than 10 GHz
Distribution of one-minute rain rate in Malaysia derived from TRMM satellite data
Total rainfall accumulation, as well as convective
and stratiform rainfall rate data from the Tropical Rainfall
Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite sensors have been used
to derive the thunderstorm ratio and one-minute rainfall rates,
R0.01, for 57 stations in Malaysia for exceedance probabilities
of 0.001–1% for an average year, for the period 1998–
2010. The results of the rain accumulations from the TRMM
satellite were validated with the data collected from different
ground data sources from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) global summary of the
day (1949–2010), Global Precipitation Climatology Centre
(GPCC) (1986–2010), and NASA (1950–1999). The correlation
coefficient and the average bias error between TRMM
and GPCC for Malaysia were found to be 0.79–0.89 and
±50 mm, respectively. The deduced one-minute rainfall rates
correlated fairly well with those obtained from the previous
work carried out in Malaysia, with correlation coefficients of
0.7 in all the 57 locations. The inferred mean annual oneminute
rainfall rates were found to be highest in the eastern
Malaysia, with values between 84.7 and 153.9mmh−1 for
0.01% exceedance, and in western Malaysia with values between
81.8 and 143.8mmh−1. The present results will be useful for satellite rain attenuation modeling in tropical and
subtropical stations around the world
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