Boron tolerance in wheat roots

One of the consequences of high boron concentrations in soil is the suppression of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots growth. Variability of boron tolerance in wheat genotypes was analysed by germination on filter paper soaked with different concentrations of boric acid (0, 50, 100, 150 mg/l). Observed genotypes showed significant differences in roots length and number at different boron treatments. Genotypes which had very small differences in roots length between the control and treatments are identified as boron tolerant.Redukcija rasta korena pšenice (Triticum aestivum L.) je jedna od posledica prisustva visokih koncentracija bora u zemljištu. Analizirana je varijabilnost genotipova pšenice u pogledu tolerancije korena na visoke koncentracije bora metodom naklijavanja semena na filter hartiji navlaženoj rastvorom borne kiseline koncentracija 0, 50, 100, 150 mg/l. Ispitivani genotipovi su ispoljili značajne razlike u dužini i broju korenčića na različitim tretmanima. Izdvojeni su genotipovi kod kojih je uočena vrlo mala razlika u dužini korenčića između kontrole i tretmana i koji se smatraju tolerantnim na visoke koncentracije bora

Tolerancija 12 NS sorti pšenice na suvišak bora

High concentrations of micronutrient boron may cause significant yield losses in wheat. One of the consequences of excess boron in wheat is root growth suppression. The objective of this study was to investigate the levels of root growth suppression during germination in the presence of different concentrations of boric acid (0-control, normal boron supply, 50 (B 50), 100 (B 100) and 150 (B 150) mg H3BO3/l). Twelve wheat cultivars, developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, were included in the analyses. The cultivars demonstrated significant differences with respect to root growth suppression at boron treatments. The genotypes were separated by hierarchical cluster analysis in two distinct phenotypic groups. The roots of cultivars Nevesinjka, Rapsodija, Milijana, Helena and Sonata are boron tolerant, whereas Košuta, Partizanka, Simonida, Kantata, Sofija, Balerina and Pesma are sensitive to excess boron.U koncentraciji višoj od optimalne mikroelement bor može uzrokovati zna- čajne gubitke prinosa pšenice. Jedan od nepovoljnih efekata bora na pšenicu je redukcija rasta korena. Naklijavanjem na filter papiru navlaženom rastvorima H3BO3 koncentracija 0, 50, 100 i 150 mg/l ispitan je stepen redukcije rasta korena kod 12 sorti pšenice poreklom iz Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu. Utvrđena je značajna varijabilnost ispitivanih sorti u pogledu redukcije rasta korena u prisustvu suviška bora. Hijerarhijskom klaster analizom je izvršeno grupisanje genotipova na osnovu fenotipske sličnosti za dato svojstvo i uočene su dve fenotipske grupe. Sorte Nevesinjka, Rapsodija, Milijana, Helena i Sonata su ispoljile tolerantnost na suvišak bora, dok je korenov sistem sorti Košuta, Partizanka, Simonida, Kantata, Sofija, Balerina i Pesma osetljiv na visoke koncentracije ovog elementa

Prinos lokalnih i stranih sorti pšenice gajenih na zemljištu koje sadrži povišene koncentracije bora

The two-year field study was aimed to investigate the effect of increasing soil boron treatments (3.3, 6.7 and 13.3 g H3BO3/m2) on eight wheat cultivars, as well as to estimate the rate in which yield decreases followed the increase in soil boron. A strong positive linear relationship was found between the treatments and soil hot water extractable boron. On average, wheat yield response to elevated soil boron was decrease of 7.7%. Cultivars of local origin over-yielded foreign cultivars at all levels of boron supply. The estimated yield loss was 1.8% per increase in soil boron of 0.1 ppm.Dvogodišnji poljski ogled je postavljen sa ciljem ispitivanja uticaja tretmana borom (3.3, 6.7 and 13.3 g H3BO3/m2) na osam sorti pšenice, kao i procene intenziteta kojim se prinos smanjuje usled rastuće koncentracije ovog elementa u zemljištu. Utvrđena je jaka pozitivna linearna veza između primenjenih tretmana i zemljišnog bora rastvorljivog u vreloj vodi. Prosečna redukcija prinosa pšenice na tretmanima iznosila je 7,7%. Kod lokalnih sorti je zabeležen viši prinos u odnosu na strane, bez obzira na tretman. Procenjeno je da porast koncentracije zemljišnog bora od 0,1 ppm za posledicu ima redukciju prinosa od 1,8%

Tolerancija klijanaca pšenice na visoke koncentracije bora

Present in excessive amounts, micronutrient boron may become toxic for plants. The aim of this study was to investigate boron tolerance in seedlings of 12 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes treated with boric acid. Selection criterion was root growth suppression in the presence of boron, which varied between 15.2 (Apache) and 46.3% (Renan). Root lengths on control and root growth suppression on treatments were not correlated. Boron content and dry weight of seedlings varied in vast intervals in all groups on control, as well as on treatments, which is probably caused by different boron tolerance mechanisms. Root growth suppression in genotypes Apache, Trakija and Bezostaja 1 was less than 20% and they may be considered as boron tolerant. Renan, Fundulea 4, Magdalena, Pergamino Gaboto and Donjecka 48 are marked as boron sensitive owing to more than 30% shorter roots on boron treatments. Norin 10/Brevor 14, Radika, Žitarka and Mironovska 808 were medium tolerant to excess boron.Mikroelement bor može imati toksično dejstvo na više biljke ukoliko se u spoljašnjoj sredini nade u visokoj koncentraciji. Cilj rada je bilo ispitivanje tolerancije na bor kod klijanaca 12 genotipova pšenice (Triticum aestivum L.) tretiranih bornom kiselinom. Selekcioni kriterijum je bila redukcija rasta korena u prisustvu bora, koja je varirala između 15,2 (Apache) i 46,3% (Renan). Nije zabeležena korelacija između dužine korenovog sistema na kontroli i redukcije rasta korena na tretmanima. Sadržaj bora i masa suvih klijanaca su varirali u širokim intervalima u svim grupama, i na kontroli i na tretmanima, čemu su verovatno uzrok različiti mehanizmi tolerancije na bor. Kod genotipova Apache, Trakija i Bezostaja 1 je redukcija rasta korena bila manja od 20% i oni bi se mogli smatrati tolerantnim na bor. Renan, Fundulea 4, Magdalena, Pergamino Gaboto i Donjecka 48 su svrstani u grupu osetljivih genotipova. Redukcija rasta korena je u ovoj grupi iznosila preko 30%. Sorte Norin 10/Brevor 14, Radika, Žitarka i Mironovska 808 su bile srednje tolerantne na visoke koncentracije bora

Kamilica u Republici Srbiji

As one of the most common medicinal plants, chamomile is grown on approximately 20,000 ha in the world and on 350 -400 ha in Serbia. Good yields can be expected if the plant is grown up to 500 m altitude. The plant is adapted to various soils; it has modest nitrogen demands and tolerates drought and salinity. The usual yields are: 500-1,000 kg/ha of dry flower heads, 150 kg/ha of seed and up to 4.5-5 kg/ha of essential oil. Drug (Chamomillae flos) has moisture below 12%, appropriate physico-chemical and microbiological properties, referred low amount of heavy metals and at least 4 ml/kg of essential oil. The yield of flower heads and the essential oil quantity and quality depend on various environmental factors, as well as on the genetic background. There is more than forty chamomile cultivars realized in the world; three of them originate from the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad (Banatska, Tip 29 and Tetraploidna). Banatska and Tetraploidna are widely grown. The cultivars are characterized by high yield potential and appropriate essential oil content.Kao jedna od najzastupljenijih lekovitih biljaka, kamilica se u svetu gaji na oko 20000 ha, dok se površine u Srbiji procenjuju na 350-400 ha. Najbolje uspeva na nadmorskim visinama do 500 m. Adaptirana je na različite zemljišne uslove, ima skromne potrebe za azotom, toleriše sušu i zaslanjena zemljišta. Uobičajeni prinos suvih cvetnih glavica je 500-1000 kg/ha, semena 150 kg/ha, a etarskog ulja do 4,5-5 kg/ha. Droga (Chamomillae flos) ima vlagu ispod 12%, odgovarajuće fizičko-hemijske i mikrobiološke osobine, propisano nizak sadržaj teških metala i najmanje 4 ml/kg etarskog ulja. Prinos cvetnih glavica, sadržaj i sastav etarskog ulja zavise od brojnih faktora sredine, ali i od genetske konstitucije materijala. U svetu je oplemenjeno četrdesetak sorti, od čega tri u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo (Banatska, Tip 29 i Tetraploidna). U proizvodnji su zastupljene Banatska i Tetraploidna. Odlikuju se visokim potencijalom za prinos i odgovarajućim sadržajem etarskog ulja

Parametri tolerantnosti klijanaca pšenice na suvišak bora

The aim of the study was to analyze the variability of dry weight and boron content in seedlings of 14 NS wheat cultivars treated with boric acid. The level of boron tolerance of studied cultivars was known from previous research. Significant differences between genotypes in groups (susceptible, medium tolerant, tolerant) were found regarding both analyzed traits and they are probably caused by different boron tolerance mechanisms. Rang of treated genotypes with respect to root growth reduction corresponded well with their rang with respect to dry weight reduction. These results suggest that in further research it might be sufficient to analyze one of those parameters.Ispitana je varijabilnost mase suvih klijanaca i sadržaja bora kod 14 NS sorti pšenice tretiranih bornom kiselinim kod kojih je poznat stepen tolerancije na suvišak bora. Između genotipova unutar grupa (osetljivi, srednje tolerantni i tolerantni) su utvrđene značajne razlike u pogledu analiziranih svojstava, što upućuje na različite mehanizme tolerancije na bor. Saglasnost ranga tretiranih genotipova u pogledu redukcije rasta korena i mase suvih klijanaca navodi na zaključak da bi u daljim istraživanjima bilo dovoljno analizirati ili rast korena ili masu suvih klijanaca

Uticaj vremenskih uslova u 2014. godini na vlažnost zemljišta pod lekovitim biljem, u organskom i konvencionalnom sistemu proizvodnje

The effects of weather conditions (precipitation and average daily air temperatures) during the 2014 vegetation period on the moisture of soil planted with pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under organic and conventional production system were analyzed. The analyses were carried out at the experimental fields of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops from Novi Sad; Alternative Crops and Organic Production Department in Bački Petrovac. Except for May, the temperatures were higher than for the multi-year average, which contributed to the increased plant evapotranspiration. The frequent precipitation moderately satisfied plant water requirements during the vegetation period. Soil moisture in the rhizosphere zone was generally at sufficient level of water supply. However, in the mid June and during the July soil moisture was at the level which requires irrigation. In organic production, due to better plant development and higher water consumption, occasional lower humidity of the soil was registered, when irrigation would be desirable. Although the sum of precipitation was higher in 2014 compared to the multi-year average, the results confirmed the importance of proper distribution of precipitation in order to maintain normal plant growth and development.Analiziran je uticaj vremenskih uslova, odnosno padavina i srednjih dnevnih temperatura vazduha, u vegetacionom periodu 2014. godine na vlažnost zemljišta pod mentom, nevenom i bosiljkom gajenih u_sistemu organske i konvencionalne proizvodnje. Ispitivanja su vršena na oglednim poljima Odeljenja za alternativne kulture i organsku proizvodnju u Bačkom Petrovcu. Osim majskih, temperature vazduha bile su više od prosečnih višegodišnjih vrednosti, što je uticalo na povećanu evapotranspiraciju biljaka. Učestale padavine delimično su podmirivale potrošnju biljaka u periodu vegetacije. Vlažnost zemljišta u zoni rizosfere bila je najčešće na nivou dobre obezbeđenosti vodom, mada je polovinom juna i tokom jula registrovana vlažnost zemljišta na tehničkom minimumu. U organskoj proizvodnji, zbog bolje razvijenosti biljaka i veće potrošnje vode, povremeno je registrovana niža vlažnost zemljiša, kada bi navodnjavanje bilo pozeljno. lako je suma padavina u vegetacionom periodu 2014. godine bila veća od višegodišnjeg proseka, ponovo je potvrđen značaj rasporeda padavina za normalan rast i razviće biljaka

Korovi u organskom i konvencionalnom usevu mente (Mentha x piperita L.)

This study was performed in order to assess weed flora diversity in organic and conventional peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) in the second year of growing, and to compare the effects of the two production systems on peppermint traits of agronomic importance. Weed control was not carried out in a season in which the survey was conducted (2014). Comparatively high weed floristic diversity was noted for organically maintained crop, with even five species that are invasive for Vojvodina region occurring in this system only. Therophyte life form dominated in both crops. Concerning the characteristics that are directly related to yield, conventionally grown peppermint outperformed the organic one, except for leaf essential oil content. In order to provide high yield and quality of organic peppermint, regular mechanical weed control and the use of appropriate organic fertilizers would be of the great importance.Pored negativnih efekata na rast i razvoj biljaka, korovi kod lekovitih, aromatičnih i začinskih biljaka mogu kontaminirati krajnji proizvod i tako mu pogoršati kvalitet. Cilj ovog rada je bila procena diverziteta korovske flore u organskom i konvencionalnom usevu mente (Mentha x piperita L.), kao i poređenje dva useva u pogledu agronomski značajnih svojstava. Ogled je postavljen na eksperimentalnom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Bačkom Petrovcu. Da bi se dobio potpun uvid u korovsku floru, u godini u kojoj su izvođene analize (2014) nije vršeno suzbijanje korova. Organska parcela je đubrena stajnjakom u jesen 2011, a konvencionalna NPK đubrivom 2012. godine kada je i zasnovan usev. Veći floristički diverzitet je zabeležen kod korova u organskom usevu, gde je identifikovano čak pet vrsta koje su invazivne za region Vojvodine i koje nisu nađene u konvencionalnom usevu. Terofite su dominirale u oba proizvodna sistema. Kod analize ekoloških indeksa, jedina značajna razlika je bila u pogledu hemijske reakcije supstrata; korovi sa organske parcele su uglavnom prilagođeni kiselim, a sa konvencionalne neutralnim zemljištima. Što se tiče svojstava mente koja su u direktnoj vezi sa prinosom, konvencionalno gajena menta je nadmašila organsku, osim u pogledu sadržaja etarskog ulja. Regularno mehaničko suzbijanje korova, kao i đubrenje preparatima koji su dozvoljeni u organskoj proizvodnji su od izuzetnog značaja za postizanje visokog prinosa i kvaliteta organske mente

Sirak u uslovima abiotičkog stresa. Stres izazvan ekstremnim temperaturama i reakcijom zemljišta

Sorghum is considered as tolerant species toward different environmental conditions. Genetic potential for sorghum yield is being exploited depending on the intensity of production and effect of biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Beside drought, which is the most important abiotic stress factor, extreme temperatures and soil factors can affect sorghum production and yield. This paper gives a summary of previous studies related to the effects of extreme temperatures and unfavorable soil pH on sorghum plants, as well as the plants reaction to such effects. The summary includes studies related to variability analysis of sorghum germplasm and patterns of inheriting tolerance towards stress caused by extremely low or high temperatures and production on acid or alkaline soils.Sirak se smatra za biljnu vrstu tolerantnu prema različitim uslovima spoljne sredine. Genetički potencijal za prinos sirka se eksploatiše u različitoj meri u zavisnosti od intenziteta proizvodnie i delovanja biotičkih i abiotičkih faktora sredine. Pored suše kao najznačajnijeg abiotičkog faktora sredine, na proizvodnju sirka u znatnoj meri utiču ekstremne temperature i faktori zemljišta čijim delovanjem dolazi do redukcije prinosa. U radu je dat pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja koja se odnose na delovanje ekstremnih temperatura i nepovoljne reakcije zemljišta na biljke sirka i njihovu reakciju na ovo delovanje. Pregled obuhvata i istraživanja vezana za analizu varijabilnosti germplazme i načina nasleđivanja tolerantnosti sirka prema stresu izazvanom ekstremno niskim odnosno visokim temperaturama i proizvodnjom na kiselim ili alkalnim zemljištima

Nova in vitro otkrića o citotoksičnosti halogeniranoga boroksina i deregulaciji gena povezanih sa staničnom smrću u stanicama GR-M melanoma

Anti-proliferative effects of halogenated boroxine – K2(B3O3F4OH) (HB) – have been confirmed in multiple cancer cell lines, including melanoma, but the exact mechanism of action is still unknown. This study aimed to determine its cytotoxic effects on human Caucasian melanoma (GR-M) cell growth in vitro as well as on the expression of cell death-related genes BCL-2, BECN1, DRAM1, and SQSTM1. GR-M and peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells were treated with different HB concentrations and their growth inhibition and relative gene expression profiles were determined using the Alamar blue assay and real-time PCR. HB significantly inhibited cell growth of both GR-M and PBM cells but was even more effective in GR-M melanoma cells, as significant inhibition occurred at a lower HB concentration of 0.2 mg/mL. GR-M BCL-2 expression was significantly downregulated (P=0.001) at HB concentration of 0.4 mg/mL, which suggests that HB is a potent tumour growth inhibitor. At the same time, it upregulated BCL-2 expression in normal (PBM) cells, probably by activating protective mechanisms against induced cytotoxicity. In addition, all but the lowest HB concentrations significantly upregulated SQSTM1 (P=0.001) in GR-M cells. Upregulated BECN1 expression suggests early activation of autophagy at the lowest HB concentration in SQSTM1 cells and at all HB concentrations in PBM cells. Our findings clearly show HB-associated cell death and, along with previous cytotoxicity studies, reveal its promising anti-tumour potential.Antiproliferativni učinci halogeniranoga boroksina – K2(B3O3F4OH) (HB) – potvrđeni su u više staničnih linija raka, uključujući melanom, ali točan mehanizam djelovanja još uvijek nije poznat. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je utvrditi njegove citotoksične učinke na rast stanica ljudskoga melanoma (GR-M) in vitro, kao i na ekspresiju gena BCL-2, BECN1, DRAM1 i SQSTM1, povezanih sa staničnom smrću. GR-M melanom i mononuklearne stanice periferne krvi (PBM) tretirane su različitim koncentracijama HB-a, a njihova inhibicija rasta i relativni profili ekspresije gena određeni su Alamar blue testom i real-time PCR-om. HB je značajno inhibirao rast GR-M melanoma i PBM stanica, no u GR-M melanomu učinci su registrirani pri nižim koncentracijama HB-a. Ekspresija BCL-2 gena u GR-M melanomu bila je značajno smanjena (P=0,001) pri koncentraciji od 0,4 mg/mL, što sugerira da je HB snažan inhibitor rasta tumora. Istodobno, pojačao je ekspresiju BCL-2 u normalnim PBM stanicama, vjerojatno aktiviranjem zaštitnih mehanizama protiv inducirane citotoksičnosti. Osim toga, sve osim najniže koncentracije HB-a značajno su povećale ekspresiju SQSTM1 (P=0,001) u GR-M melanomu. Povećana ekspresija BECN1 u najnižoj koncentraciji HB-a u GR-M stanicama i pri svim koncentracijama u PBM stanicama sugerira ranu aktivaciju autofagije. Naša otkrića jasno pokazuju indukciju stanične smrti povezane s HB-om i zajedno s prethodnim studijama citotoksičnosti otkrivaju njegov obećavajući antitumorski potencijal